Theories and Stages of Memory

Theories and poses of retentivityBATHSHEBA SHEMA BAGGAI1.0IntroductionOur reminiscence is part of being kind-hearted. It is as well an index finger that we hold outd and lived to this day. Theoretic each(prenominal)y, according to Mastin (n.d.), remembrance is our ability to encode, store, retain and consequently bow out learning and ago experiences in the mankind brain. In polar words, past experiences influenced our enter and future behavior. When the outcome is negative we tend non to par every last(predicate)el what ca uptaked it, but if the outcome is positive we do the opposite.For example, as you go to work, you use a indisputable lane every time. However, that route is always experiencing trading jams that cause you to be late for work. By chance, mavin day you utilise another smaller road and you found that it is less congested and thus you arrive earlier to work than usual. From that day onwards since the smaller road benefits you more you allow for use it more frequently. This means, you used your previous experience and act accordingly the undermentioned time you go done the corresponding situation again.In this paper, we volition discuss and delve into more astir(predicate) w atomic number 18housing as a whole. We forget first discuss on the symbolises of the Multi-store model of computer store which was founded by deuce researchers, Richard Atkinson and Richard Shriffin. The next section consists of what of a sudden status recollection and abundant line retrospect argon and their differences. This twinkling section is a direct continuity of recollection Stage which is in the first section. The last section of the contents is in a divers(prenominal) direction altogether. It consists of my own c formerlyptualization the characters of computer storage system of rules in human interaction modelThe references for this paper are mainly research journals and overly website articles. Since there are a number o f them, they are put in the References section.2.0Stages of Multi-Store form and remembranceOne of the some used memory models by psychologists and non-psychologists alike is the Multi-Store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). They describe memory in cost of randomness flowing done a system. There are cardinal stages of learning and memory of the Multi-Store model. The lead stages which are handlees are called convert, Storage and recollection or recovery (McLeod, 2007).The first stage, which is alike the most most-valuable stage in creating unfermented memory is called convert. It is the process which allows the culture collected to be transformed or converted into a form that bum be stored within our brains to be recalled later on on. The process of Encoding is done in four different ways which are Acoustic, optic, Semantic and Tactile Encoding (Mastin, n.d.).Acoustic Encoding is the encoding ( memorializeing and understanding) of the sounds that you hear esp ecially the sounds of words. When you extract learning rhythmically it is considered as Acoustic Encoding. For instance, learning the first principle. The alphabets of the ABC are put into a form similar to the nursery rhyme song Baa Baa Black Sheep. Other than making the learning of ABC more enjoyable, children will remember them faster. It is the same case for the learning of the multiplication timetable. When reciting multiplication timetable, many can recite sextette times six equals to thirty-six rhythmically. This is ascribable to the fact that the sound of the number six was highlighted three times.When Acoustic Encoding is the encoding of sound, Visual Encoding is the encoding of image. Visual Encoding relates to visual sensory training which is stored within the iconic memory (temporarily) first and later transferred into the immense-term storage (permanent). One of the vital elements in visual encoding is the amygdala, which is a complex structure of neurons. Visua l arousal as well as other systems input are trus dickensrthy in the amygdala where the conditioned stimuli are then encoded into positive or negative values. As an example, if you are shown a list of words for one second. You would find that you will be able to remember if there was a word which is written in different color, or if there was a word written in bold or underlined. Visually encoded instruction is very fleeting and we forget them easily. We remember better when the teaching is encoded acoustically.The next type of Encoding is Semantic Encoding. Semantic Encoding is the processing of meaning, especially of words, though not exclusively. Most of the time it workings hand in hand with Visual Encoding. For instance, when someone says animal, grey and large you will pee-pee a mental image on what he/she are referring to which is most probably an elephant. The last of the them is Tactile Encoding. It is based on the encoding of emotional state especially touch. In a n utshell, each of the types of Encoding(s) starts with stimulus which gives out impulses/signals (nerve) which later will be processed and encoded. Paying attention is outstanding when our memory is to be properly encoded. Thus, not all stimuli will pass through our conscious awareness, instead some will be filtered out.After the Encoding Stage comes the Memory Stage. jibe to Atkinson and Shriffins (1968) Memory Stage Model, there are three distinct stages in the Memory Stage itself. They are Sensory Memory/Store, Short Term Memory and ample Term Memory. All three differ in damage of susceptibility, function and duration.Sensory Memory which is at times called Iconic Memory holds information only for a few seconds (brief storage information). For instance, while flipping through a magazine we see eye-catching wordings of an advertisement, but after flipping to next the pageboy we cannot remember what was actually written. This stage implies that something perceptual takes place. A stimulus business leader already be gone but we may still discern it after even for just a brief moment. The next two stages of the Memory Stage will be discussed it Section 2.0. .The information wad received which is stored in sensory memory is just long decent to be transferred to short-term memoryThe last stage of the stages of learning and memory of the multi-store model is the Retrieval Stage/Memory Retrieval. It is a process of get or recalling information from your Storage Memory. For instance, if you can remember what you bought yesterday, information is successfully recalled from your memory into your conscious mind. The process of Retrieval is stimulated by the Retrieval Cues that includes mood and associations. If one cannot retrieve an information the cause may solely be because they did not pay attention full, thus only some were encoded in the memory or it might be something as secure as having an amnesia.Ultimately, the authority of short-term memory is to file information for fugacious usage. If it is not consolidated, it is discarded. This process of discarding is important to make room for learning and bracing memories. But once a memory is stored in the long-term memory bank, it is stored there forever. It may not feel like it is stored there forever. Sometimes, you may not be able to recall something that is stored in the long-term memory banknevertheless, it is there. Because once memory is stored, it is permanent.3.0Short Term Memory Versus ample Term MemoryIn Section 2.0, we have discussed about the Memory Stage with one of its memory store which is Sensory Motor. In this section, we will further delve into the Memory Stage by dicussing about the other two stores which are Short Term and Long term Memory and its differences in terms of their storage capacities and forgetting mechanisms.Short Term Memory (STM) has a limited storage capacity. Only about seven (plus or damaging two) unrelated chunks of items can be held with a time duration of 20-30 seconds at once (Mohs, 2007). For example, remembering a phone number until it is keyed into a mobile phone. After a few seconds you might not remember the set of phone numbers anymore if no travail is make to retain them. However, by using memory strategies, we can somewhat affix our memory capacity. Take for instance a ten-digit number such as 9006783456 may be too long for the use of Short Term Memory. For the set of number to stay in your STM and long enough for you to key in your mobile phone is to break it into chunks like 900-678-3456.On the other hand, Long Term Memory (LTM) has an unlimited storage capacity for information. In Short Term Memory, information remains as long as we think about it and will be discarded once we stop. In LTM, information is permanently stored in human memory. To retain information in LTM, a relation should be made among the youthful information to the ones we already know. This process is known as coding as informati on. Short Term Memory lacks this coding process, thus information is fleeting. If an information is important enough in the STM, it will be transferred to LTM. If there is an effort in retaining information like repetitively going through the information again and again (reviewing) we can remember it permanently. The more repetition and reviewing of information is made, the brain makes more neuronal connections (stronger neural pathways). At the same time, between the two neurons, the synapses wrick stronger because of more frequent signals passed between them. It is also important to realize that for memory to be consolidated there should be no interference present. In addition, when it comes to consolidation of memory and learning, sleeping plays an important role for twain of them. This is proven by the founding that during sleep, the genes of rats are more expressive. In the hippocampus, the displayed activities during spatial learning is replayed.The next aspect that would be highlighted is their forgetting mechanism. In both STM and LTM a deviation of information can be experienced. However, their forgetting mechanism differs from one another (Walton, 2010). In STM, loss of information can happen when there is interference. Interference happens when old information interferes with the learning of the new information. This thus makes the stored information irretrievable. Besides the Intereference supposition, there is also the decomposition respondion Theory. Decay happens when information is gradually forgotten as time goes by. It is important to transmission line that it is not because of the effects of replacement as the Interference Theory.In contrast, Long Term Memory, loss of information is due to retrieval failure and not loss of the information. When information is not encoded correctly, our Long Term Memory will discard it out of the system. However, our memory can retrieve information if the cue stick matches the cue present during encodin g time on the condition that loss of information is not because of brain trauma from accidents or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases.4.0Concept Model of the Functions of Memory outline in compassionate InteractionsDiagram 1Concept Model of the Functions of Memory System in Human InteractionsThere are many ways to create mentally the functions of memory system in terms of human interactions. However, in the pursual is my own conceptualization of the mentioned topic. In my concept, the functions of memory (in human interactions) is divided into two mixer Function and also existential Learning (which are shown in Diagram 1). The first one that will discussed is Social Function.Good kindly environment is vital for strong social bonds which is necessary for our well-being mentally as well as physically. According to Perry et al (2011), our memories are intercommunicate onto other people understand them better and to empathize their experiences. O ur memory is rehabilitative in nature where past experiences emerge together. In a certain way, this lets us to be in other peoples place imagining what their experiences are like (Hassabis et al., 2013). Furthermore, this too promotes understanding and being more social. When we are experiencing the social world we must often recall, maintain, exploit and lastly modify on the knowledge we have about others. People tend to react to certain social situations based on their prior experiences. According to Ciaramelli et al. (2013), we military personnel tend to empathize on people who are in the a similar situation that experienced in the past.However, these are in riddance of amnesiacs. They do not maintain social bonds like other mean(prenominal) people. They too tend to have a smaller social circle. According to Beadle et al. (2013), Adult-onset hippocampal patients who suffers from amnesia are reported to have lower levels of understanding and no increase in prosocial behavio urs.Besides Social Function, there is existential Learning. both of these do overlap with each other, but they differ in settings. Experiential learning is more to workplace human interaction while Social is more to less professional relationships.Experiential Learning, in general is the process of learning through experience that we store in our memory. Since the dawn of time, serviceman has gone through various trials and tribulations. We are what we are today because from our ancestors up to us in the present time learn to not repeat our mistakes, but vice versa when it comes to something positive. However, how can Experiential Learning relate to human interactions? Learning through experience is often used in workplaces. allow us take soccer players as an example. During practice sessions the aggroup members will learn and practice the strategies of blocking, getting, passing the ball and catching it. However, the most important aspect they will practice on is teamwork because soccer is not a one man show. Coaches will see their individual talents and blend all them together to create a powerful team. One players talent may complement another players so they deficiency to function together collectively. These practice sessions act as a simulator of the real game. By the time the players are joining in a real game, they would already have enough experience to read their teammates present and next move which is crucial to score a point.This is similar in the corporate world. Members of a team need to develop a compound image of itself through discussions that develops the capacity to resile their experiences. These discussions will pin-point the differences of experiences in team members that will then be blended together (Adams Kayes, 2010). According to Baker, Jensen Kolb (2002), Members need to respect and be receptive to differing points of view to take time to reflect on consequences of action and the big picture and to desire growth and developm ent.As time goes on, even negative factors associated with teamwork can be overcome when teams become able to learn from experience.5.0ConclusionIn summary, we have gone through the three stages of learning and memory of the multi-store model. These processes are called Encoding, Storage and Recall or Retrieval. Encoding which is an information procession into our memory is further broken brush up to different types of ways to encode which are Acoustic, Visual, Semantic and Tactile Encoding. In addition to those, Storage stage is where we store information in our memory and Retrieval is process of recalling them back to conscious mind.Besides Sensory Memory in our Storage, the other two which are Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory is explained in the next section. We have discussed how different they are in terms of storage capacities and forgetting mechanisms Short Term Memory has limited amount of storage capacity as compared to Long Term Learning which is unlimited. Their fo rgetting mechanisms, in other words loss of information also differ with STM due to loss of information and LTM due to retrieval failure.My conceptualization model of functions of memory system in terms of human interactions is divided into two which are Social Function and also Experiential Learning. They differ only in social settings and they overlap greatly with one another.In conclusion, in my opinion, we barely scratched the surface of our knowledge on human memory. I believe there is more to learn and erupt than Atkinsons and Shriffins Multi-Store model. With that being said, I hope researchers continue the excursion in knowing how our memory truly whole shebang. Knowing how memory works is one step closer to knowing how the human mind works and consequently how humans work are as a whole.REFERENCESAdams, A., Kayes, D. (2010). Experiential Learning In Teams. Simulation Gaming, 330-354. Retrieved from http//learningfromexperience.com/media/2010/08/experiential-learning-in -teams.pdfAtkinson, R.C. Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Chapter Human memory A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K.W. Spence, J.T. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New York schoolman Press. pp. 89195Beadle J. N., Tranel D., Cohen N. J., Duff M. C. (2013). Empathy in hippocampal amnesia. Front. Psychol. 469 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00069Ciaramelli E., Bernardi F., Moscovitch M. (2013). Individualized Theory of Mind (iToM) when memory modulates empathy. Front. Psychol. 44 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00004Hassabis D., Spreng R. N., Rusu A. A., Robbins C. A., Mar R. A., Schacter D. L. (2013). 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