Sample of Chapter 2 of an Investigatory Project

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter indicates the ideas, in desire manner the history, relevant to the essay to provide information and further elaborate different standpoints that were the showation of the proposed study, oerly on the back cast anchor study of the different methods and judgments apply by different researchers that applies to the present study. In auberge to develop new method and procedures, c nuclear number 18ful review of literature and studies must be done for the development of the study.The important social function of this chapter is to localise and review theories on set off locomotive engine and to identify the deficiencies of those theories. Related Literature In habitual usage, the term travel is the out of sight vapor into which body of pee is converted when it toils. On the contrary, it is the cloud of peeing droplets organise by the partial compressing of this vapor as it is cooled. 1 locomote clean is the skillful term for water system supply vapor, the gaseous phase of water. Since it is a vapor, it is licit that the density of travel clean is lots less than that of water beca c both the go molecules atomic number 18 further apart from one an another(prenominal)(prenominal)wise.The space immediately above the water pop thus becomes filled with less dense move molecules. peeing vapor that includes water droplets is described as annoyed goer. As wet locomote is awake further, the droplets evaporate, and at a high enough temperature (which depends on the pressure) all of the water evaporates and the remains is in vapor- quiet equilibrium. 2 locomote has many an(prenominal) uses. In agriculture, it is use for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health. The goer is utilize to sterilize the soil in open fields and/or greenhouses.Pests of plant cultures such as weeds, bacteria, fungus kingdom and viru ses argon killed with induced hot locomote which causes their cell social organization to physically degenerate. Biologically, the method is considered a partial disinfection. It also has a mountainous contribution of making our rifles better at home for cooking vegetables, move cleaning of fabric and gondola unreserved machinepets, and passion buildings. In each case, water is heated in a tympanum, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. era about 90% of all voltaicity is generated apply steam as the passing runny, n other(a) all by steam turbines. 3 In galvanising generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the kettle hole for re-use. even in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating clay to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The worlds life-sizegest steam generation system is the New York City steam system which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants. 4 In other industrial applications steam is employ for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of waters high heat of vaporization. steam is also an effective lifting gas, providing approximately 60% as a lot lift as helium and twice as much as hot air. It is not flammable, un akin hydrogen, and is cheap and abundant, unlike helium. The required heat, how incessantly, leads to condensation puzzles and requires an insulated envelope. on that point ar many examples in which steam is use. It is apply for hollo in utility lines. It is also utilise in jacketing and t hotfoot of holler to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels. move is utilise in the process of forest bending, killing insects and change magnitude pliableity. An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is utilise in microbio logy laboratories and equivalent env crusadements for sterilization. travel is used to accentuate drying oddly in prefabricates. It is also used in cleaning of fibers, both(prenominal)times prior to painting. Other examples are already mentioned magical spell tackling steams uses. Despite of all its uses, steam dope also be dangerous. A steam explosion is make when water comes to contact in contact with a very hot spirit (e. . , lava, molten metal). These explosions drive home been responsible for many plungery accidents. A steam engine is a heat engine that suffices mechanical work employ steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are external conflagration engines. 5 where the working fluid is separate from the fire products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermic energy may be used. Water turns to steam in a boiler and reaches a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done.The reduced-pre ssure steam is then condensed, and it is pumped back into the boiler. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world. (see fig. 1)6 Some practical steam engines gaol the low-pressure steam instead of condensing it for reuse. Fig. 1 The Rankine cycle There are 2 fundamental components of a steam plant the boiler or steam generator, and the motor unit, referred to itself as a steam engine.Stationary steam engines in fixed buildings may start the two parts in separate buildings rough distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as steam locomotives, the two are attach together. Other components are a lot present pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporization, and super heaters to refer the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapor point, and various mechanisms to increase the compose for fireboxes.When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its bear on engine or motor may be included to move the elicit from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox. The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam give the sack be derived from various sources, virtually comm scarce from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In just about cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor or geothermal energy.While boilers are pressure vessels that contain water to be boiled and around kind of mechanism for transferring the heat to the water so as to boil it. A motor unit takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, utilise as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical work. A motor unit is often called steam engine in its own right. They willing also operate on compressed air or other gas. Steam Engine has its own advantages especially to our present world.The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to convert heat from more or less any source into mechanical work, unlike the internal combustion engine. Steam locomotives are especially advantageous at high elevations as they are not adversely affected by the lower atmospheric pressure. This was inadvertently discovered when steam locomotives operated at high altitudes in the mountains of South the States were replaced by diesel-electric units of equivalent sea level power. These were quickly replaced by much more powerful locomotives capable of producing sufficient power at high altitude.For road vehicles, steam propulsion has the advantage of having high torsion from stationary, removing the require for a clutch and transmission, though start-up time and sufficiently bunch packaging remain a problem. Steam Engine s directly applied to many useful things. Very low power engines are used to power works and playthings, and specialty applications such as the steam clock. voluminous engines, rolling mill engines, steam donkeys (See figure 2) 7, marine engines, and similar applications which take in to frequently stop and reverse. Engines providing power, which rarely stop and do not need to reverse.These include engines used in thermal power stations and those that were used in pumping stations, mills, factories and to power cable railways and cable tramways forward the widespread use of electric power. Fig. 2 Steam donkey Steam engines overhear been used to power a wide array of transport appliances. Examples are steamboat, steamship, steam yacht, steam locomotive, fireless locomotive, traction engine, steam tractor, steam wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car, steam roller, steam shovel, steam tank (tracked), steam tank (wheeled), steam catapult, even steam rocket.The Corliss steam engine, a four-valve counter course engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves, was called the some significant upgrade in the steam engine since James Watt. In addition to using 30% less steam it provided more uniform speed, making is hale suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. 8 On another hand, in antediluvian Greece when girls were not at school and boys were not working, they played ball games with elevated pigs bladders. Roman children played with timberlanden or system dolls and hoops. Toys changed little through the centuries. In the 16th century children still layed with wooden dolls. Before the 20th century, children had few trifles and those they did yield were precious. Furthermore, children did not form much time to play. Only a minority went to school but virtually children were expected to help their parents doing simple jobs around the house or in the fields. Egyptian children played similar games to the ones children play righ t away. They also played with coquettes like dolls, toy soldiers, wooden animals, ball, marbles, spinning tops and knucklebones (which were thrown like dice). In the 19th century, middle class girls played with wood or porcelain dolls.They also had doll houses, model shops and skipping ropes. Boys played with toys like marbles and toy soldiers as well as toy trains. (Some toy trains had working engines fuelled by methyl groupated spirits). They also played with toy boats. During serviceman War II virtually toy factories were turned over to war production. However in the late 20th century with the arrival of an affluent society plastic and metal toys became much cheaper and much more common. legion(predicate) new toys were invented in the 20th century. A model car or toy is a miniature office of an automobile.Other miniature motor vehicles such as trucks, buses, or even ATVs, etc. , are often included in the general category of model cars. Because many were originally sold as playthings, on that point is no finespun difference between a model car and a toy car, yet the collector following became familiar in the 1960s and precision detailed miniatures made specifically for adults are an increasing part of the market. Toys as a big business did not aim until after the 1830s, when steamboats and steam trains ameliorate the transportation and distribution of manufactured goods.Early toymakers used wood, tin, or cast iron to fashion horses, soldiers, wagons, and other simple toys. elucidation models of automobiles first searched as slush cast plaster or iron toys made in the early decades of the 1900s. Tin and pressed steel cars, trucks, and phalanx vehicles followed in the 1930s and 1940s. Casting vehicles in various alloys, usually surface (called zamac or mazac), also started during these decades and came on strong particularly after World War II. Post war, the zinc alloy vehicles became ever more popular in Europe in particular.While die-cast me tal cars were both astronomic home plate collectors type or scummyer consumer Matchbox type-toys are made of metal and plastic, the metal used commonly is Zamak (or Mazak), an alloy of zinc and aluminum9, these were seen in the States and they were often simple, while plastics also surged and became prominent. Tin and pressed steel came to Japan, kind of an late, during the 1950s and 1960s, and that country quickly moved into die-cast by the 1970s. Today, China, and other countries of Southeast Asia are the main producers of die-cast metal European, American, and Japanese companies. 10 Many model cars were not intended either for toys or for collecting. As early as the 1930s and perhaps earlier, the manufacturers of real automobiles would design and construct scale and full-sized models to plan new products or promote the company. Sometimes styling or concept models were made out of wood or clay. Models could also be precise replicas crafted out of the same materials as the r eal vehicle. As time went by, some companies even made their own models or toys attracting the next generation to their products.Scale miniatures were very made for children and for them to have an idea on how to make better miniatures or design, the researcher can make use of plastic, die-cast metal, resin, and even wood. What ever materials are used, the finished product would be a success if a great idea or design was made. By the mid-1960s, plastic model kit ups had become more plentiful and varied with increased level of detail. Typically, the kits often had opening hoods, separate engines and detailed suspension parts. The mid-1960s is generally considered the flamboyant age of plastic model car kits.In addition to building them stock, most annual kits offered 3-in-1 versions which allowed the builder to assemble the car in stock, custom, or racing form. Interest in model car kits began to wane in the mid-1970s as a result of builders growing older and moving on to their pu rsuits. New model specific magazines sprang up, such as Scale railway car Enthusiast, (now simply Scale Auto) and Model Cars Magazine. These magazines spread the word, helped advertisers, and brought modelers together from all across the country. Today, many of the classic models from the golden age of modeling have been reissued.Not only does this allow modelers to build the cars the always wanted (but couldnt obtain or afford), but it tends to lower the prices of the originals. In some cases, models of cars from the 1950s and 1960s have been issued with all-new besidesling, which allows for even more detailing made possible with modern kit design and manufacturing methods. Today, model car companies are still in business, fuel by a renewed interest in model car building and collecting. Modelers today can make advantage of modern engine room, which includes pic etched details, dhesive chrome foil for chrome trim, wiring for engine, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can take a basic kit and detail it so it resembles a real car, in miniature. The internet has also fueled a growing modeling community through websites, online forums and bulletin boards, and sites that host photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally. Related Studies When referring to technology today, many mess automatically hold that the referral is in regards to computers, the Internet and Information Technology.Technology such as steam locomotion, the institution of the printing press and space travel, are all considered major forms of technology that have affected society and culture throughout history. All these technologies have huge impacts on society and culture. In considering the fact that shortly before the steam engine was invented, the favorite mode of travel was horse and buggy. The advantages brought by the steam engine immediately became apparent. Those advantages were not only accessible to individuals neediness for travel, but the transportati on of goods to the marketplace had probably even more impact.Steam engine technology became a very important cog in the social wheel of progress, moving passengers and cargo quickly and efficiently throughout the world, especially in Europe. Towns near railway stations quickly grew as people and companies wished to be near the easy side. The effect then of steam engine technology was to bring great distances much closer together while at the same time making goods and services more available and less expensive. Though other forms of transportation now overshadow steam locomotion it still has much influence over citizens lives.Sometimes the impact can be negative, especially as the railroad grew more aged and brittle. Steam has been used for take tos like steam dirigibles. According to Thomas J. Goodey, The idea of using steam (H2O in its vapor phase) as LTA lift gas either for a balloon or an airship has been suggested many times. These suggestions all appear to have remained me rely theoretical, although several were quite detailed. It appears that no full-scale trials, or even experiments, have ever been performed. Yet the idea of using steam as lift gas is attractive, although there are some pellucid difficulties. 11 Obviously the non-rigid steam airship does not have the potential to net the helium airship in every application. However the researcher estimation that it will have its niche. Specifically, the researcher thought that a steam airship would be able to satisfy the demands that hot-air airships try to satisfy but fail. The project though did not succeed. The low cost and the convenience in ground handling of a Steam Airship will, in this restricted working(a) context, more than compensate for its deficiencies. The group of researchers then tried to find another external site where steam is being used to make something work.And we found this project wherein it shows how steam engine is constructed. Quoted from the project, From the Researc h and development perspective, I have done much research on the topic of Flash Steam Engines and have seen applications where solar flare boilers power live steam engines. But these devices are not flashing steam engines. Since the steam does not actually flash in the engines combustion chamber (or cylinder). Instead the steam will flash in the boiler device and reaches the engine as common live steam. Hence there is no real innovation in these devices. And quite frankly a live steam engine leaves much to be desired.In terms of efficiency and operating characteristics, many things may be improved in the way of valve gear. But in the end all you have is a live steam. 12 The researcher of that project also gave recommendations and gave emphasis to things that should be remembered. Direct Injection is the preferred method used to concord these types of engines. The DI valve thats used in the applications features a variable lift mechanism, this is necessary in order to throttle suc h engines. Initially very high pressure and or supercritical steam/water were injected into the engines. This did in fact work, but is not considered user friendly.High pressures are still used for the injected water, such as 2000psi hydrostatic pressure, derived from a pump, this is needed to maintain high rpm engine speed, the injected water does not contain super-critical energies, but is heated somewhat, such as to cdf. 13 Another project said that if wood will be used as the major component, it should be noted that even if a boiler is built, the engine probably wouldnt work well. In the front line of steam the wood would swell and warp causing problems. A simple solution to this problem would be to replace the wood parts with aluminum ones. 14Over the years, steam locomotives have become a very popular image in representation of trains. Many toy trains homed on steam locomotives are made, thereby making the image iconic with trains to children. Steam Engines are still aroun d, and they are in wide use, but most take the form of the steam turbine engine. The steam turbine is responsible for generating about 86% of the electric power used on this planet. That probably is a qualifier for current use. Steam engines, either the piston or turbine type, are used on most big ships, and there are still a few steam locomotives about. 15As for toy cars, they continue to evolve in many ways, from battery powered, to ones that use renewable energy, such as solar, water. Synthesis In this chapter, it has been discussed on how steam engines work, including the many fundamental methods used. It discussed what steam is and how it became very useful to our society today. It defined steam engine. It is also stated in this chapter different advantage and disadvantages of steam engine, how it is being done and its different applications. It discussed the history of toys, how it emerged from wooden dolls to our present high-technology dolls, toy cars, etc.Lastly, the chapte r also summarizes all of the studies and findings of different researchers regarding steam and steam engines. Definition of Terms Aluminum. aluminum or aluminum (US English) is a silvery white member of the vitamin B group of chemical members. It has the sign Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not alcohol-soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earths crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earths square(p) surface.Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. 4 The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Atmospheric pressure. It is the force per unit line of business exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in Earths atmosphere. Boiler. It is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporize fluid exists the boiler for use in va rious processes or heating applications. Electricity. It is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.Fuel. Is any material that stores energy that can later on be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. Heat. In physics and thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one body, region, or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation syndrome when the systems are at different temperatures. Helium. Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4. 002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table.Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. It is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant element in the observable innovat ion Internal combustion engine. It is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and pressure gas produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, such as pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. Locomotive.It is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. It was first used in the early 19th century to grade between mobile and stationary steam engines. Machine. It manages power to accomplish a task. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work. methylated spirits. It is a mixture of Ethyl alcohol (95%) and methyl alcohol (5%). The methyl alcohol is poisonous and is added to prevent the methylated spirits being used as cheap drinking alcohol. Miniature. It is a model, copy, or similar representation on a very sma ll scale.Model car. Also referred to as toy car. It is a miniature representation of an automobile. Pipe. It is a tubular member or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of tirade cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. Piston. It is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas, compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod.In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall. Pressure. It is an effect that occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area. Rankine Cycle. It is a cycle that converts heat into work wherein the heat is supplied outwardly to a closed loop, which usually uses water.This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath. The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. Steam. It is the technical term for water vapor, the gaseous phase of water, which is formed when water boils. In common oral communication it is often used to refer to the visible mist of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses in the presence of cooler air. Steam boat.It is also called, steamship or steamer. It is a ship in which the firsthand method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steam donkey. Steam donkey, or donkey engine is the common nickname for a steam-powe red winch, or logging engine widely used in past logging operations, though not limited to logging. They were also found in the mining, maritime, and nearly any other industry that needed a powered winch. Steam engine. Is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are typically external combustion engines.Steam Locomotive. It is a locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. The locomotive is usually fueled by a coal, wood, or oil. This fuel is burned to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind. Steam turbine engine. It is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rope motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Toy train. It is a toy that represents a train.A toy train can be as simple as a pull toy that does not even run on track, or it might be operated by clockwork or a battery. Turbine. It is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. Valve. It is a device that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Water. It is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Zamak.Is a family of alloys with a base metal of zinc and alloying elements of aluminum, magnesium, and copper. The name zamak is an acronym of the German names for the metals of which the alloys are composed (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper). Notes 1 Noah Webster, The New Websters Dictionary of the English Language, Lexicon Publications, Inc. , 2004, ISBN 0-7172-4692-2 2 Singh, R Paul, Introduction to Food Engineering. , 2001 Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-646384-2. 3 Wiser, Wendell H. Energy resources occurrence, production, conversion, use. , 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. Carl Bevelhymer, Steam, Gotham Gazette, November 10, 2003 5 American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth magnetic declination ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 6 Wiser, Wendell H. Energy resources occurrence, production, conversion, use. , 2000 Birkhauser. p. 190. ISBN 9780387987446. 7 December 12, 2011, 1st paragraph http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steam_donkey 8 Thomson, Ross Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age Technological Invention in the United Sates 1790-1865, 2009. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 34. ISBN 13978-0-8018-9141-0. http//www. ehow. com/how_6319749_make-diecast-model-car-kits. hypertext markup language 10 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Model_car 11 http//www. flyingkettle. com/index. html 12 December 15, 2011, 5th paragraph, http//www. flashsteam. com/Steam_Engine_Project. htm 13 December 18, 2011, 1st paragraph , Jeremy W. Holmes, American Corn Burner Co. Miami, FL. USA http//www. flashsteam. com/steam_proj3. htm 14 http//www. instructables. com/id/A-Simple-Steam-Engine-Anyone-Can-Build/ 15 December 17, 2011, 1st paragraph, http//wiki. answers. com/Q/Are_steam_engines_still_being_usedixzz1aGnnptps