Giles Corey :: essays research papers

Giles Corey was a successful farmer and an brisk member of the Salem church, but this reputable model citizen was not looked gently upon when the word witch started floating around. In April of 1692, Ann Putnam, Jr., Mercy Lewis, and Abigail Williams pointed a disrespectful finger at Giles. Ann said that Corey supposedly came to her on the 13th of April and asked her to frame in the devils book. She later said that a travel came to her, asking to be avenged against his killer, Giles Corey. Corey and his wife, Martha were good friends of the Porter family. Being expectant enemies of the Porters, the Putnams saw the Coreys as enemies, and dead enemies seemed much safer than living enemies. Thus, a discharge began so as to determine the wicked characteristics of the Coreys.For five long months, he waited in prison for word of his trial. When he was let turn out, several witnesses arrived, demanding establishment against the Coreys. In light of his new fan club, he chose to ref use to condense trial. Without a trial, there was a greater chance that his sons-in-law got his farm preferably of the government.On Monday, September 19, consequence came for his refusal to stand trial. The punishment was death by pressing, the use of large stones to crush a person to death. On his deathbed, he only begged the executioner to use larger stones, so that he may guide quicker. He was refused this meager last wish. Coreys "tongue being prest out of his mouth, the Sheriff with his cane forced it in again, when he was dying," said Robert Calef, a reporter covering the event. It took two days for him to die, and he was buried in a lone patch of grass on Gallows Hill.At the age of 80, Corey chose to die with honor and grit, rather than allow himself to be made a scratch of by begging for his life in a courtroom that he knew would never let him live.

polar bears :: essays research papers

Polar Bear, common name for a blank bear found on the sea ice of the Arctic passim the North Polar basin. The only marine bear, it is longer than other bears and silken for aquatic life. It has the plantigrade feet (heel and sole touching the ground) typical of bears, with five sharp, curve claws on each foot for grasping the ice and holding its prey. dogged hair between the pads protects the bears feet from the cold and provides traction on the ice. Stiff hairs on the forelegs, and very broad front feet, help the bear swim. All frozen bears atomic number 18 white, although their fur may yellow in the summer.The largest wild bears always weighedmore than 800 kg (1760 lb)have been paired bears. However, most male polar bears weigh an average of nearly 350 kg (about 880 lb), and most females weigh about 250 kg (550 lb). Polar bears have a strong navigational sense, an exceedingly good sense of smell, and they are unusually clever at resolving problems in order to obtain foo d. They eat primarily ringed seals, and now and then bearded seals, walruses, or white whales. They also feed on berries, sedges, mussels, and kelp.As with other true bears, polar-bear mothers and young form strong bonds. The young are very small when born about 1 kg (about 2 lb). Their eyes remain closed for about 40 days and they essential nurse every few hours. The mother holds them close to keep them warm. tho during the breeding season, male polar bears are solitary and roam all over vast expanses of sea ice while hunting. During the breeding season (May to June), the males employment furiously over females.

Edward Jenner and Smallpox

Despite all of the controversy about inoculations, vaccines have been around for nearly 200 eld and are known to have salvage billions of lives by preventing a person from infectious diseases through inoculation. The worlds first vaccine, the vaccination for variola major(ip) virus was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, a doctor from England. variola major, which dates back to 1350 B. C. , is an infectious and catching disease that offensed much of atomic number 63 and North American colonies during the 17th and 18th century. Smallpox claimed more than million deaths in Europe and Mexico before development of the vaccination.Dr. Jenners scientific seek and observations led to the eradication of smallpox in 1979. The purpose of this paper is to go steady integrity of the greatest achievements in public health, the smallpox vaccination and the humankind responsible for it, Dr. Edward Jenner. This paper will also focus on the cause that the smallpox vaccination has had on public and community health and how the butt on of immunization from infectious diseases has saved millions of lives today. What is Smallpox Smallpox is an infectious and catching disease, which is caused by the variola virus.The virus, which has two forms, variola major and variola minor, was referred to as the speckled monster because of red, pustule, raised lesions that appeared on a persons skin. Aside from the skin lesions, smallpox is characterized by typical flu symptoms much(prenominal) as fever, fatigue, muscle aches, malaise, and headache. Smallpox is an airborne transmitted infection, which multiplies itself in the lymph nodes ch ramification moving from cell to cell. A person is said to be contagious until the last lesion scab falls off. Whereas a cure for smallpox does not exist, the only form of prevention is vaccination (Barquet & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Domingo, 1997).Edward Jenner and His Developments Edward Jenner, who was born on May 17, 1749 in England, developed an interest in science and disposition during his early years. He worked as an apprentice under George Harwicke, in which he developed the interest in vaccina. Jenner went to London at the age of 21 to become a student of John Hunter, the most prestigious operating surgeon in England, Here, Jenner learned that if a person had cowpox he or she could not contract smallpox (Stern, 2005). Through Jenners apprenticeship with Hunter, he began breeding surgical techniques and the use of scientific rules and observation.After publishing several scientific studies and learning through observations, Jenners interest in smallpox grew and it was at this smirch in which he developed his hypothesis Cowpox protected a person from the human disease smallpox (Barquet & Domingo, 1997, p. 639). Developing the Smallpox vaccine Sparked by the interest in his hypothesis and the overwhelming plague of smallpox, Jenner decided to perform an experiment to test his hypothesis. Jenner came into contact with Sarah Nelms, a milkmaid who had contracted cowpox through an infected cow.To test his hypothesis, Jenner extracted fluid from the pustules on Nelms hand and used that same fluid to inoculate an 8-year-old boy through two inch incisions on the boys lace (Barquet & Domingo, 1997, p. 639). A few weeks later, Jenner injected fluid from a smallpox lesion into the arm of the same boy. This is known as variolation. The variolation did not produce a reaction and Jenner confirmed that the boy was protected against smallpox. As a solving of Jenners studies, research, and observations, the smallpox vaccine was developed (Stefan, 2005).The Effect of the Smallpox Vaccine on Public and Community Health Upon the publication of Jenners inquiry, irresolution arose as Jenner began a nationwide survey to support his findings. Other physicians began vaccinate through Jenners method and the theory was confirmed. Those who were previously infected with cowpox and received vario lation did not find themselves stricken by smallpox. The vaccination era had begun as news of the inquiry spread to the linked States where the method was tried and confirmed once again by Benjamin Waterhouse, a Harvard Medical School professor (Barquet & Domingo, 1997).According to Barquet and Domingo (2005), President doubting Thomas Jefferson had 18 members of his family vaccinated and supported the theory that the vaccine preserves several(prenominal)s from smallpox (p. 640). President Jefferson later appointed Waterhouse as the vaccine agent in the National Vaccine Institute, an organization to establish vaccination in the linked States (Barquet & Domingo, 1997, p. 640). Public and Community Health Today Several years after Jenners discovery, scientists had begun to develop new vaccines.Protesting began as antivaccinationists believed that vaccinating break a persons privacy. In 1905, the United States Supreme motor lodge ruled that The need to protect the public hea lth through supreme smallpox vaccination outweighed the individuals right to privacy (Stern & Markel, 2005, p. 617). The World Health Organization (WHO) certified the eradication of smallpox in 1979. As other vaccinations emerged, such as vaccines for polio, diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella, people commonly hard-pressed about the safety and efficacy of these vaccinations.Today, many parents are under the natural depression that autism is linked to a preservative called thimerosal, which was used in many vaccinations such as DTP and Hepatitis B vaccines. Upon scientific studies, no connection was found. However, in 1999 the United States Food and Drug Administration stopped licensing vaccines that contained thimerosal (Stern & Markel, 2005). result The development of the smallpox vaccine and other immunizations are considered to be one of the greatest achievements in public health.Disease prevention is a major necessity of public and community health. Through exten sive research, scientific studies, and observation, Edward Jenner surface the way for the evolution of public health. To date, vaccinations have saved millions of lives by protect people against polio, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, and smallpox. Although many people are skeptical about the safety and efficacy of immunizations, choosing not to be immunized puts not only the individual at risk but also other people at risk of contracting an infectious disease.

Pearl Harbor Interactive Map

How did the fall in States attempt to halt the japanese before the attack? They shot the cuneus and it sunk. . On which Hawaiian island is pearl Harbor located? AAU 4. What did Bert Davis and Warren rightfulness think the chances were for a Japanese attack? Bert Davis thought that it wasnt goanna happen as quick as it did. Warren Law thought that they werent going to do it. 5. How many Japanese planes were in the graduation wave of the attack? 1 83 6. Which ship fired the first shots Of the struggle between the U. S. And Japan? Did the first shot hit?The Us Destroyer Ward and the first shot did non hit but the second one did. 7. At what time did the Ward report that it had been engaged? 630 8. why does this message move so slowly? . At 0720 an officer in training shrugs off reports of the planes that were sighted Why? For security reasons he cannot communicate radio operators. 10. At 0733 a message arrives in Honolulu, what happened that led Roosevelt to count there may be an attack? A decoded Japanese message. 1 1 . According to Japanese pilot Harbor Hosing, how did they judge how mellow to fly?If the spray from the torpedo hit the wings 12. When the attack started what had the Japanese hoped to see, and didnt? Aircraft bearers 13. How did Warren Jones know that this was not a drill? 0755 He hear guns firing from his side of defense 14. What mistake on the part Of the Japanese led to the Utah being hit? They saw the wood-covered decks, and Hough she was a carrier 15. After reading about the Oklahoma, what happened which made it hard for the crew to come off? The battleship rolled over 16.Why was the azimuth hit by torpedoes and tables not? How were Carl Carbons and Warner Falseness experiences different? The torpedoes went under the Vestal and they were different because Carl was on the genus Arizona and Warner was on the Vestal. 17. Where was Mary Ann Ramsey? What does she remember? She was on Ford Island, and she remembers exploding of bombs, whi ne of lanes, frag manpowerts exploding, smoke over 18. Who was Dories moth miller? Why is he considered such a hero? Dories Miller saved and injured captain and then shot down 3 Joneses planes 19.On the West Virginia 3 men survived trapped until what date? What happened? December 23, and they died because the form gave out 20. Why couldnt the B-1 7 Flying Fortresses that arrived from the mainland help? It couldnt help because they didnt take in any gunfire 21 . Why was the explosion on the Arizona so devastating? It was so devastating because it killed 11 77 men and it all happened in 9 minutes 22. Who was Americas first prisoner of war? Ensign Kane Kamala 23. Why did the Nevada not continue with her escape?

Pros and Cons of Sending Parents to Elderly Nursing Homes Essay

Many adults have decrepit p atomic number 18nts who could benefit from brisk in a loneliness denture. However, its lowering to decide to send an aged p arnt to a solitude home because there are some(prenominal) other care options available. Further to a greater extent than, this decision nookie be made more than challenging because close to solitude homes have several pros and cons that should be fully considered beforehand. Here is a brief look at some of the most important pros and cons to consider before conclusion an of age(p) parent the set retirement home. Perhaps it can attend to you make a more informed decision about entering a retirement home.On one hand, sending an olden parent to a retirement home offer ups senior admit and their families several benefits that are hard to overlook. Many plurality think its a good idea to enter a retirement home because most retirement homes provide galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) benefits that are hard to pass-up. For example, the biggest benefits that retirement homes provide to residents include around the clock supervision, skilled on-site medical care, and individualized help with daily wishs. At rootage glance, these benefits can make a huge difference in the lives of old pile because they can make their lives more enjoyable.However, many flock pass by to entrust that retirement homes in addition offer other benefits that are oft times overlooked by population. Here are some of the most super acid benefits that retirement homes provide to residents and their love ones. One of the most overlooked benefits retirement homes provide to residents is a structured environment. Elderly people often fill a more structured environment as they grow older. This is oddly true if they are mentally or physically disabled because it helps them lead a more normal and happy life.Furthermore, elderly people also tend to be more distracted by changes to their environment. Most retirem ent homes understand this. Thats why they try to set up a daily docket that helps their residents lead a normal life. This structured schedule includes set meal times, scheduled activity times and other repetitive activities. Another overlooked benefit of retirement homes is a chance to prevail as breakaway as possible. This benefit will be curiously important to Baby Boomers because it will help them still lead the independent life style that their generation is so used to enjoying.This will help them still enjoy living to its fullest because it will allow them still do most of the things they enjoy doing. Finally, many people also tend to stuff that retirement homes also help elderly peoples families deal with the logistics of caring with an elderly loved one. Many of us have elderly loved ones that need more help than what we can provide by ourselves. This is true because many of us have jobs and other responsibilities that make it catchy for people to take care of an elde rly loved one who take help with daily activities.As a result, retirement homes also provide several care options for families who need extra help helping their elderly loved ones. On the other hand, sending an elderly parent to a retirement home also poses several potential problems that also need to be considered. Here are some of the most common problems that people encounter Paying for a retirement homes serve can be problematical for many people because most redress policies and Medicare coverage plans generally deny covering the cost of living in a retirement home.This can make it difficult for many people to knuckle under a retirement homes work because many retirement homes charge high monthly fees to residents. In fact, many retirement homes charge A la Carte rates that tend to be expensive because they give consumers more freedom to buy only the services they need. These pricing plans are convenient. However, they also make it more difficult to afford living in a ret irement home because many people cannot afford to play for services using these pricing plans.Many elderly people and their families also have problems finding retirement homes that provide legislate quality care because many retirement homes have difficulty finding qualified staff who can work with elderly people. Furthermore, many elderly peoples families have also had difficulty with staff members who are un willing to work with clients families to resolve concerns. These problems can make it very spoil to find the appropriate retirement home because it can be difficult to find a retirement home that has a staff that is willing to answer consumers questions about their services.Finally, many people also forget that some elderly people have trouble living in a retirement home. This is true for many reasons. For example, some elderly people are so independent that they have a hard time accepting help from others. Other elderly people have problems living in a retirement home beca use they have a hard time getting along with certain staff members because of personality differences. These problems can make it difficult for many elderly people to live in a retirement home because their personalities make it hard for them to live in some living situations.As you can see, there are many pros and cons to consider before entering a retirement home. This makes it important to look into all of your care options before selecting the right option for your elderly loved one. Doing this will not only help you make a more informed decision for your loved one, it can also make a real difference in your elderly loved ones overall quality of life. As a result, be sure to research the pros of cons of entering a retirement home to see if retirement homes are your elderly loved ones best care option.

Hamlet Exam Study Guide Essay

What should critical point do? apologise the moral theories of each philosopher Plato, Aristotle and Augustine. For each, determine the full thing for Hamlet to do. Then, judge the princes bendions from the perspective of each recommendation.PlatoPlatos moral theory consisted of the idea of the instinctfulness and the concept of virtue as function. To Plato, the brain has three separate cause, mettle, and appetite. The think we do things is to reach a goal or value, our spirit drives us to accomplish our goal, and our desire for things is our appetite. The three virtues that must be fulfil to reach the fourth, general virtue be temperance, courage, and wisdom, which correlate with the three separate of the soul. In set out to achieve midland harmony, every part of the soul must be occupying its proper function. In Platos theory, Hamlet call for to panorama at the big picture of achieving sexual harmony. In order to reach the goal of achieving inner harmony, Hamlet has to figure out other bearing of easing his anger other than the vengeance of his uncle. The virtues of temperance, courage, and wisdom pick out to be incorporated into Hamlets actions, and he would be open to reach his inner harmony.By keeping his reason in obtain of his go out and appetites, he back end use the dialectic to fulfill the intimacy on how to deal with the situation. Hamlets big picture of inner harmony was the death of his uncle. He wasnt concerned about the consequences he would wear to face in result, much(prenominal) as non achieving his goal. He was more(prenominal) concerned about feeding his appetite of revenge, and not re-evaluating his saturated life. Although he held out on murdering his uncle a couple of times, he was lock up in rage and trying to please his beats ghost, any(prenominal) the consequences were. He loved his mother, and wanted to save her, still he was more concerned with slaughtering his uncle. Hamlet was not able to achie ve inner harmony, since he did not incur a proper functioning soul.AristotleAristotles moral theory involves the idea of living your life to the fullest happiness that can be reached. In order to achieve this final, we neediness to live a virtuous life according to the Golden mean, which is finding the middle cause of the virtues we live by. Aristotle explains that we should continuously act in accordance with virtues, which are acquired from our education and experiences. Because Aristotle believed in teleology, he said that by aiming our actions toward an end (happiness), our souls need to go in the way of excellence. Like Plato, Aristotle also gears toward reaching a goal. In order for Hamlet to achieve the goal of happiness, he call for to check the golden mean to live the ideal life. Hamlet and Aristotle had the same top dog what does it mean to be? Hamlets famous statement to be or not to be meant he did not know hardly how to put his feelings into action. Is it cave in to live with the knowing of the murder of his father, or is it better to die in the act of revenge.Aristotle would have Hamlet evaluate how he can fulfill the function of being a good person. To do this, Hamlet inevitably to act on the keen-sighted part of his soul and make the right choice in dealing with his knowledge of his fathers murder. Hamlet needs to live by the virtues of courage, temperance, justice, and wisdom. If Hamlet makes rational decisions based on these virtues, he will understand that he needs to be able to communicate to Claudius and let him know that he will not get away with what he has done. As the Prince, he needs to take action as a ruler and set a good example for the people of Denmark and other kingdoms.Then again, Aristotle gave a pull out of negative behavior to the involuntary acts that are done as a result of external compulsion. So, as he may say that everyone has the likely to be good, they may still slip up due to impulses such as revenge ag ainst the uncle who killed Hamlets father and re-wed his mother. In the act of aiming toward an end, Hamlet may choose whether or not to follow the submissive road or the intrinsic road. Since Hamlet had a couple of chances to kill the King, he kept holding out until he melodic theme he would have a perfect opportunity. In the beginning, he was following a virtuous life, and toward the end, when he claimed to have bloody thoughts, he was gearing more toward the impulsive irrational part of his soul. He eventually followed this road, but his soul was dying anyways.AugustineIn order to have faith, we need to understand the reason for spirituality. To know universal truth, we have to go beyond human reason to discover theology. Since the soul cannot find peace among bodily pleasures or sensations, we need to understand what will bring happiness to our lives and how we can travel on as humans. Since paragon created us, we will find happiness and in him. We have free will to choos e the urban center of immortal or the City of the World. In choosing the City of God, we are putting our faith in God to guide us to make the right choices in finding happiness, not materialistic things or other people. By devoting our ultimate love to God and having faith that God can provide us with happiness, we can fulfill our destiny.For Augustine, Hamlet needs to start praying. He needs to open his fondness and have faith in God to take care of the situation. Since we are Gods people, only God can bring justice. The king may have done something horrible, but he has to answer to God in the end. Hamlet needs to stay on the right track and pray that God can save him from his horrible thoughts of having revenge on the king. God is the only one who can bring happiness to our lives and help us to succeed as humans. Hamlet needs to choose the City of God, and make the right choices to not worry about punishing other people. This is the only way that he will achieve the goal of hap piness.Unfortunately, Hamlet did not look to God for the answer. He may have said some prayers, and asked for guidance, but he certainly did not follow what he knew he was divinatory to do. Instead, he listened to the ghost of his father and aimed towards revenge. Hamlet may have thought he achieved what he was out to do, but in the end, his mother was poisoned to death, his lover, Ophelia, died along with her brother, Laertes, as well as his other two friends he had killed in England, the king died, and so did Hamlet himself. If he would have put his effrontery in God to deal with the murder of his father, he could have salvage himself along with everyone else he cared so deeply for. God always has a plan.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Four

EddardThe vi bewilderors poured through the castle gates in a river of gold and silver and polished steel, three hundred strong, a assumption of bannermen and knights, of sworn swords and bleakriders. Over their heads a dozen golden banners whipped okay and ahead in the compass northern bring ind, emblazoned with the crowned stag of Baratheon.Ned knew hu humankindsy of the riders. T here came Ser Jaime Lannister with pig as b upright as beaten gold, and there Sandor Clegane with his terrible destroy face. The t alone son be stance him could windlessness be the crown prince, and that stunted myopic man behind them was surely the Imp, Tyrion Lannister.Yet the huge man at the head of the column, flanked by two knights in the snow-white cloaks of the Kingsguard, curbmed almost a stranger to Ned . . . until he domed off the back of his warhorse with a familiar roar, and crushed him in a bone-crun elevateg hug. Ned Ah, scarcely it is good to call that frozen face of yours. The exponent looked him over top to bottom, and express mirthed. You brace not changed at all.Would that Ned had been able to say the same. Fifteen long measure past, when they had ridden forth to win a throne, the Lord of Storms End had been clean-s view asn, clear-eyed, and muscled like a maidens fantasy. Six and a half feet tall, he towered over lesser men, and when he donned his armor and the bully antlered helmet of his House, he became a veritable giant. Hed had a giants talent withal, his apparatus of choice a spiked iron warhammer that Ned could scarcely lift. In those geezerhood, the tang of leather and blood had clung to him like perfume.Now it was perfume that clung to him like perfume, and he had a girth to match his height. Ned had conk out seen the king nine years before during Balon Greyjoys rebellion, when the stag and the direwolf had joined to end the pretensions of the self-proclaimed King of the adjureIs orbits. Since the night they had stood side b y side in Greyjoys fallen strong flip, where Robert had accepted the rebel lords surrender and Ned had getting evenn his son Theon as hostage and ward, the king had gained at to the lowest degree eight mark. A beard as coarse and black as iron wire covered his jaw to hide his double chin and the sag of the royal jowls, alone nothing could hide his stomach or the dark circles under his look.Yet Robert was Neds king now, and not just a friend, so he utter only, Your Grace. Winterfell is yours.By then the others were dismounting as hearty, and grooms were plan of attack forward for their mounts. Roberts queen, Cersei Lannister, entered on foot with her younger squirtren. The wheelhouse in which they had ridden, a huge double-decked carriage of oiled oak and gilded metal pulled by forty heavy draft horses, was too enormous to pass through the castle gate. Ned knelt in the snow to kiss the queens ring, while Robert embraced Catelyn like a long-lost sister. thus the children ha d been brought forward, introduced, and approved of by both sides.No sooner had those formalness of greeting been completed than the king had state to his host, Take me crush to your crypt, Eddard. I would pay my respects.Ned loved him for that, for remembering her lock in after all these years. He called for a lantern. No other words were hireed. The queen had begun to protest. They had been riding since dawn, everyone was naughtyigue and polar, surely they should refresh themselves first. The dead would wait. She had say no more than that Robert had looked at her, and her twin companion Jaime had taken her quietly by the arm, and she had utter no more.They went down to the crypt together, Ned and this king he scarcely recognized. The winding stone go were narrow. Ned went first with the lantern. I was starting to deem we would never r individually Winterfell, Robert complained as they descended. In the s knocked out(p)h, the way they talk just about my Seven Kingdoms, a man forgets that your part is as big as the other six combined.I trust you enjoyed the journey, Your Grace?Robert snorted. Bogs and forests and fields, and scarcely a decent inn north of the Neck. Ive never seen such a vast emptiness. Where ar all your lot?Likely they were too shy to survey out, Ned jested. He could feel the kick coming up the stairs, a cold breath from deep at heart the earth. Kings are a rare sight in the north.Robert snorted. More probable they were hiding under the snow. Snow, Ned The king put one hand on the wall to steady himself as they descended.Late summer snows are earthy enough, Ned said. I hope they did not trouble you. They are usually mild.The Others take your mild snows, Robert swore. What moderate this place be like in winter? I shudder to consider.The winters are hard, Ned admitted. nevertheless the Starks will endure. We eternally bedevil.You make to recognize south, Robert told him. You need a taste of summer before it flees. In Highgarden there are fields of golden roses that stretch away as farthest as the eye raise see. The results are so secure they explode in your oral fissuremelons, peaches, fireplums, youve never tasted such sweetness. Youll see, I brought you some. pull down at Storms End, with that good wind off the bay, the days are so hot you can barely move. And you ought to see the towns, Ned Flowers everywhere, the markets bursting with food, the summerwines so cheap and so good that you can get drunk just breathing the air. Everyone is fat and drunk and rich. He laughed and slapped his own ample stomach a thump. And the girls, Ned he exclaimed, his eyeball sparkling. I swear, women lose all modesty in the heat. They overwhelm naked in the river, right beneath the castle. Even in the streets, its too dump hot for wool or fur, so they go about in these short gowns, silk if they have the silver and cotton if not, but its all the same when they start sweating and the cloth sticks to the ir skin, they might as well be naked. The king laughed happily.Robert Baratheon had always been a man of huge appetites, a man who knew how to take his pleasures. That was not a charge anyone could lay at the door of Eddard Stark. Yet Ned could not help but notice that those pleasures were victorious a toll on the king. Robert was breathing heavily by the conviction they reached the bottom of the stairs, his face red in the lantern light as they stepped out into the darkness of the crypt.Your Grace, Ned said respectfully. He swept the lantern in a wide semicircle. Shadows moved and lurched. Flickering light affected the stones underfoot and brushed against a long procession of granite pillars that marched ahead, two by two, into the dark. Between the pillars, the dead sit on their stone thrones against the walls, backs against the sepulchres that contained their mortal remains. She is down at the end, with Father and Brandon.He led the way between the pillars and Robert followed w ordlessly, shivering in the subterranean chill. It was always cold down here. Their footsteps rang off the stones and echoed in the vault overhead as they walked among the dead of House Stark. The Lords of Winterfell watched them pass. Their likenesses were carved into the stones that sealed the tombs. In long rows they sit down, filmdom eyes staring out into eternal darkness, while groovy stone direwolves curled round their feet. The shifting shadows made the stone figures seem to wind up as the living passed by.By ancient custom an iron longsword had been placed across the lap of each who had been Lord of Winterfell, to detainment the vengeful spirit up in their crypts. The oldest had long ago rusted away to nothing, leaving only a few red stains where the metal had rested on stone. Ned wondered if that meant those ghosts were free to roam the castle now. He hoped not. The first Lords of Winterfell had been men hard as the land they moldd. In the centuries before the Drag onlords came over the sea, they had sworn allegiance to no man, styling themselves the Kings in the North.Ned stopped at last and lifted the oil lantern. The crypt act on into darkness ahead of them, but beyond this point the tombs were go off and unsealed black holes hold for their dead, waiting for him and his children. Ned did not like to think on that. Here, he told his king.Robert nodded silently, knelt, and bowed his head.There were three tombs, side by side. Lord Rickard Stark, Neds father, had a long, stern face. The stonemason had known him well. He sat with quiet dignity, stone fingers holding tight to the sword across his lap, but in life all swords had failed him. In two smaller sepulchres on either side were his children.Brandon had been twenty when he died, strangled by coif of the Mad King Aerys Targaryen only a few short days before he was to wed Catelyn Tully of Riverrun. His father had been forced to watch him die. He was the true heir, the eldest, born to rule .Lyanna had only been sixteen, a child-woman of surpassing loveliness. Ned had loved her with all his heart. Robert had loved her even more. She was to have been his bride.She was more beautiful than that, the king said after a silence. His eyes lingered on Lyannas face, as if he could will her back to life. Finally he rose, made awkward by his weight. Ah, damn it, Ned, did you have to bury her in a place like this? His part was hoarse with remembered grief. She deserved more than darkness . . . She was a Stark of Winterfell, Ned said quietly. This is her place.She should be on a hill somewhere, under a fruit tree, with the sun and clouds above her and the rain to wash her clean.I was with her when she died, Ned re creative thinkered the king. She wanted to come home, to rest beside Brandon and Father. He could hear her still at times. Promise me, she had cried, in a room that smelled of blood and roses. Promise me, Ned. The fever had taken her strength and her voice had been faint as a whisper, but when he gave her his word, the headache had gone out of his sisters eyes. Ned remembered the way she had smiled then, how tightly her fingers had clutched his as she gave up her hold on life, the rose petals spilling from her palm, dead and black. later that he remembered nothing. They had found him still holding her body, silent with grief. The little crannogman, Howland Reed, had taken her hand from his. Ned could recall none of it. I bring her flowers when I can, he said. Lyanna was . . . fond of flowers.The king touched her cheek, his fingers brushing across the rough stone as gently as if it were living flesh. I vowed to kill Rhaegar for what he did to her.You did, Ned reminded him.Only at a time, Robert said bitterly.They had come together at the ford of the Trident while the battle crashed around them, Robert with his warhammer and his great antlered helm, the Targaryen prince armored all in black. On his breastplate was the three-headed calculus of his House, wrought all in rubies that flashed like fire in the sunlight. The irrigate of the Trident ran red around the hooves of their destriers as they circled and clashed, again and again, until at last a crushing blow from Roberts hammer stove in the dragon and the dresser beneath it. When Ned had finally come on the scene, Rhaegar lay dead in the stream, while men of both armies scrabbled in the swirling waters for rubies knocked free of his armor.In my dreams, I kill him every night, Robert admitted. A thousand deaths will still be less than he deserves.There was nothing Ned could say to that. After a quiet, he said, We should return, Your Grace. Your married woman will be waiting.The Others take my wife, Robert muttered sourly, but he started back the way they had come, his footsteps falling heavily. And if I hear Your Grace once more, Ill have your head on a spike. We are more to each other than that.I had not forgotten, Ned replied quietly. When the king did not answer, he s aid, narrate me about Jon.Robert shook his head. I have never seen a man sicken so quickly. We gave a tourney on my sons name day. If you had seen Jon then, you would have sworn he would live forever. A fortnight later he was dead. The sickness was like a fire in his gut. It burned right through him. He paused beside a pillar, before the tomb of a long-dead Stark. I loved that old man.We both did. Ned paused a moment. Catelyn fears for her sister. How does Lysa bear her grief?Roberts mouth gave a bitter twist. Not well, in truth, he admitted. I think losing Jon has driven the woman mad, Ned. She has taken the boy back to the Eyrie. Against my wishes. I had hoped to promote him with Tywin Lannister at Casterly Rock. Jon had no brothers, no other sons. Was I supposed to leave him to be raised by women?Ned would sooner entrust a child to a pit viper than to Lord Tywin, but he left his doubts unspoken. just about old wounds never truly heal, and bleed again at the slightest word. The wife has lost the husband, he said carefully. Perhaps the contract feared to lose the son. The boy is very young.Six, and sickly, and Lord of the Eyrie, gods have mercy, the king swore. Lord Tywin had never taken a ward before. Lysa ought to have been honored. The Lannisters are a great and awful House. She refused to even hear of it. Then she left in the dead of night, without so much as a by-your-leave. Cersei was furious. He sighed deeply. The boy is my namesake, did you know that? Robert Arryn. I am sworn to protect him. How can I do that if his mother steals him away?I will take him as ward, if you wish, Ned said. Lysa should consent to that. She and Catelyn were rigorous as girls, and she would be welcome here as well.A handsome offer up, my friend, the king said, but too late. Lord Tywin has already given his consent. procreation the boy elsewhere would be a grievous affront to him.I have more concern for my nephews welfare than I do for Lannister pride, Ned declared.T hat is because you do not calm with a Lannister. Robert laughed, the sound rattling among the tombs and bouncing from the vaulted ceiling. His smile was a flash of white teeth in the brushwood of the huge black beard. Ah, Ned, he said, you are still too serious. He put a massive arm around Neds shoulders. I had mean to wait a few days to speak to you, but I see now theres no need for it. Come, walk with me.They started back down between the pillars. Blind stone eyes seemed to follow them as they passed. The king kept his arm around Neds shoulder. You must have wondered wherefore I finally came north to Winterfell, after so long.Ned had his suspicions, but he did not give them voice. For the joy of my company, surely, he said lightly. And there is the Wall. You need to see it, Your Grace, to walk along its battlements and talk to those who man it. The Nights Watch is a shadow of what it once was. Benjen saysNo doubt I will hear what your brother says soon enough, Robert said. The Wall has stood for what, eight thousand years? It can backup a few days more. I have more force per unit area concerns. These are difficult times. I need good men about me. Men like Jon Arryn. He served as Lord of the Eyrie, as Warden of the East, as the Hand of the King. He will not be easy to replace.His son . . . Ned began.His son will succeed to the Eyrie and all its incomes, Robert said brusquely. No more.That took Ned by surprise. He stopped, startled, and turned to look at his king. The words came unbidden. The Arryns have always been Wardens of the East. The title goes with the domain.Perhaps when he comes of age, the honor can be restored to him, Robert said. I have this year to think of, and next. A six-year-old boy is no war leader, Ned.In peace, the title is only an honor. Let the boy keep it. For his fathers sake if not his own. Surely you owe Jon that much for his service.The king was not pleased. He took his arm from around Neds shoulders. Jons service was the dut y he owed his liege subject lord. I am not ungrateful, Ned. You of all men ought to know that. But the son is not the father. A mere boy cannot hold the east. Then his tone softened. Enough of this. There is a more important government agency to discuss, and I would not argue with you. Robert grasped Ned by the elbow. I have need of you, Ned.I am yours to command, Your Grace. Always. They were words he had to say, and so he said them, apprehensive about what might come next.Robert scarcely seemed to hear him. Those years we spent in the Eyrie . . . gods, those were good years. I want you at my side again, Ned. I want you down in Kings Landing, not up here at the end of the world where you are no evoke use to anybody. Robert looked off into the darkness, for a moment as melancholy as a Stark. I swear to you, sitting a throne is a thousand times harder than winning one. Laws are a tedious vexation and counting coppers is worse. And the people . . . there is no end of them. I sit o n that damnable iron chair and listen to them complain until my mind is numb and my ass is raw. They all want something, money or land or justice. The lies they tell . . . and my lords and ladies are no better. I am surrounded by flatterers and fools. It can drive a man to madness, Ned. Half of them dont take for granted tell me the truth, and the other half cant find it. There are nights I wish we had lost at the Trident. Ah, no, not truly, but . . .I understand, Ned said softly.Robert looked at him. I think you do. If so, you are the only one, my old friend. He smiled. Lord Eddard Stark, I would name you the Hand of the King.Ned dropped to one knee. The offer did not surprise him what other reason could Robert have had for coming so far? The Hand of the King was the second-most powerful man in the Seven Kingdoms. He spoke with the kings voice, commanded the kings armies, drafted the kings laws. At times he even sat upon the Iron Throne to dispense kings justice, when the king wa s absent, or sick, or otherwise indisposed. Robert was go him a responsibility as large as the realm itself.It was the last thing in the world he wanted.Your Grace, he said. I am not worthy of the honor.Robert groaned with good-humored impatience. If I wanted to honor you, Id let you retire. I am planning to make you run the kingdom and fence the wars while I eat and drink and wench myself into an early grave. He slapped his gut and grinned. You know the saying, about the king and his Hand?Ned knew the saying. What the king dreams, he said, the Hand builds.I bedded a fishmaid once who told me the lowborn have a choicer way to put it. The king eats, they say, and the Hand takes the shit. He threw back his head and roared his laughter. The echoes rang through the darkness, and all around them the dead of Winterfell seemed to watch with cold and disapproving eyes.Finally the laughter dwindled and stopped. Ned was still on one knee, his eyes upraised. Damn it, Ned, the king complained . You might at least humor me with a smile.They say it grows so cold up here in winter that a mans laughter freezes in his throat and chokes him to death, Ned said evenly. Perhaps that is why the Starks have so little humor.Come south with me, and Ill teach you how to laugh again, the king promised. You helped me win this damnable throne, now help me hold it. We were meant to rule together. If Lyanna had lived, we should have been brothers, bound by blood as well as affection. Well, it is not too late. I have a son. You have a daughter. My Joff and your Sansa shall join our houses, as Lyanna and I might once have done.This offer did surprise him. Sansa is only eleven.Robert waved an impatient hand. Old enough for betrothal. The marriage can wait a few years. The king smiled. Now stand up and say yes, curse you.Nothing would give me greater pleasure, Your Grace, Ned answered. He hesitated. These honors are all so unexpected. May I have some time to consider? I need to tell my wife . . . Yes, yes, of course, tell Catelyn, sleep on it if you must. The king reached down, clasped Ned by the hand, and pulled him roughly to his feet. Just dont keep me waiting too long. I am not the most patient of men.For a moment Eddard Stark was filled with a terrible sense of foreboding. This was his place, here in the north. He looked at the stone figures all around them, disfranchised deep in the chill silence of the crypt. He could feel the eyes of the dead. They were all listening, he knew. And winter was coming.

Newspapers -How have newspaper changed overtime? Essay

Newspapers yield changed so more than overtime. Its changed in so many another(prenominal) different ways. more of them be obvious such as use of colour, textbook sizing etc. The first printed theme was published in 1605 the World draw of Newspapers recognizes Johann Caroluss Relation aller Fi?? rnemmen und gedenckwi?? rdigen Historie, published in 1605, as the worlds first newspaper. However, when the English started printing their own papers in London, they reverted to the cusp format utilise by contemporary books. The era of these news books lasted until the government issue of the Oxford Gazette in 1665. Text size has changed drastically as in the early 1900s the text size was so small you needed a magnifier. This was because in the 1900s ink was high-priced, very expensive. The newspapers, newsprint (paper) was too very expensive. So the editor had to cram in as much terminology as possible in the smallest size available.Nowadays the text size is much deepger an d not crammed as its given space even sometimes they make the font bigger when in that location is less information. This is because pack argon befitting lazier they tend to want to read less but as well want to know more. They are not prepared to read long-lasting articles. Many popular tabloids are encouraging a culture of ignorance. apparently nowadays less is more this is referring to the text sizes. There are many studies that shows, people are more likely to read newspapers with hardly a(prenominal)er words than a newspaper with more words.Anther reason is that the ink is also much cheaper nowadays and so is the manufacturing of newsprint (newspaper paper). The highlighted areas in yellow show how the text many years ago is different to modern newspapers. In the 1903 newspaper the writing is really tiny you can hardly substantiate it whereas in the 2005 newspaper the writing is really big and can be seen from far, so it will catch a passers bys attention. On the other hand in areas highlighted in red is the headline of the story.As you can see in the 1903 newspaper the headline is barely visual as they want to cram in as much information as possible into a tiny area so that they dont have to consecrate a lot of money for paper as it was really expensive in the past. However in the 2005 newspaper the headline is really, really big so it can be seen from far. The headlines as youve would have guessed are also much bigger this is because the editor wanted to catch the readers attention. It reflects less loyal readership. Using the newspapers above the headlines is highlighted in red see how different they are?The 1903 Daily Mail shows that the headline is really small, if you examine it with the 2005 Daily Mail you will see a 20x bigger remainder between the headlines. If you saw the 1903 Daily Mail headline in a 2005 newspaper you would think that it was the date, or a little reminder of what is inside the newspaper. Because you wouldnt even see that type of small font in a newspaper at this date as the newspapers are becoming more modern. That is the really big difference of newspapers and how they adapted to culture.The order of newspapers are really principal(prenominal) as you dont want to run into too many of the sections together and make it appear all mistaken e. g. Fashion section and sport section together, this will confuse people and make the newspaper look unorganized. In the early stages of newspapers there used to be notices of the births, deaths of people etc on the front foliate of the newspapers, a few newspapers still do it till this day (The Times, Daily Telegraph) but it is hidden, either in the middle or the end of the newspaper.Because its no durable important to insert it into the papers to the wider audience, this is because we honor out about deaths and births by a wider range of technology such as mobile phones, telephones, and internet etc. And also, there is no longer a target commerci alise for this as people are no longer interested to fuck off out about this in newspapers. Newspapers are clearly split into sections. ordering has changed therefore newspapers have changed to adapt to the society, and it reflects societies different priorities.For example, sport is more important than the death and birth notices therefore there is always a broad section on sports at the end of the newspaper so it is easier to find and shows the most important story as a front page but at the back. It is also more socially acceptable for newspapers to have a section for fun and enjoyment. In the middle to end, depending on the newspaper, there is a section which includes crosswords, Sudoku (easy, medium, and hard), horoscopes, mini cartoon strips etc.

Management Art or Science Essay

The concept of management is universal and rattling old. That is why different views feed been expressed about its nature by different writers from time to time. The unremitting and rapid development of management principles and arranges in organization has changed the nature of management. The principal(prenominal) points of view about the nature of management ar given up to a lower place way as an invention, acquirement or BothA galvanic pile of controversy arises whether management is an finesse or science or two. It is verbalise that the management is the oldest of arts and youngest of science. This explains the changing nature of management. But to have an deal answer to this question, it is necessary to understand both these aspects separately and combinedly, as given belowManagement as an ArtArt refers to the way of doing limited things it indicates how an object can be achieved. In the words of George R. Terry, Art is saving about of a desired result through the application of achievement. Art is, thus, skilful application of k this instantledge which entirely depends on the inherent power of a person which comes from within a person and is learned from practice and experience. In this sense, management is certainly an art as a jitney uses his skill, knowledge and experience in solving various problems, both complicated and non-complicated that arise in the working of his enterprise successful. In the words of Ernest Dale, Management is considered as an art rather than science mainly because managerial skill is a personnel possession and is intuitive.Management as a recognitionScience may be described as a systematized system of knowledge based on proper findings and carry principles and is capable of verification. It is a reservoir of fundamental truths and its findings apply safely in all the situations. In this sense, management is a science as it has also developed most systematized knowledge. Like other sciences, management has also developed certain principles, laws, generalization, which are universal in nature and are applicable wherever the efforts of the pot are to be coordinated. But management is not as exact science as other physical sciences like physic, chemistry, biology, astronomy etc. The main reason for the inexactness of science of management is that it deals with the people and it is very difficult to predict their behavior accurately. In this way, management falls in the area of social sciences. Thus, it is a social science.Conclusion- Management is an Art and Science BothFrom the above study, we conclude that management is an art and science both. correspond to American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Management is the art and science of preparing, organizing and directive human efforts to control the forces and utilize the material of nature for the benefit of men. Thus, it has now been accepted that management is an art as well as science. It has the elements of both arts and science. In the words of Dean Stanley, Management is a mix of an art an science the present ratio is about 80% art and 20% science.

Instructional Materials Essay

accessible Studies potentiometer be defined as a discipline in which we rear end learn ab pop discover our world and mans interaction with his immediate and remote environment. Since Social Studies deals with how men interact with its mixer and somatogenic environments, how stub this interaction of physiological and neighborly environment be learnt by the pupils? This potful be learnt in the schoolho substance ab practice sessionroom where coning rule and nurture can non be conducted by the teacher by merely feeling his pupils with upshots and information. There is lead to expose the pupils to change activities. The environment of the child is rich in varied resources.The teacher should utilize these varied resources to promote or stimulate skill among his pupils. Pupils learn positively non by hearing al atomic number 53 that by planing and doing. How can the teacher stimulate the pupils interest? This can be d genius by the exercising of instructional sati sfyings. Instructional materials be meant to stimulate pupils interest in the classroom for important acquisition to jam place. They similarly afford the pupils the opportunity to fake design of more of their senses in the process of eruditeness experiences which argon not available in the classroom or school environment, ar brought to the classroom for pupils attention through the utilisation of instructional materials. For example, the office of the map of the world in instruct nigh get a lines in cordial studies enables the teacher to bring to class these scholarship experiences. This is wherefore instructional materials is said to be support to information or else than pedagogy.1.2. PURPOSE OF THE field of operationThe workplace was planned principal(prenominal)ly toa. Provide expedient information which bequeath direct in slightly ways to the serviceableness of the article of faith of companionable studies in Nigeria pristine schools through t he sound use of instructional materials. b. Generate data that testament economic aid school administrators in their policy formation as catchs the use of instructional materials in schools. c. rag available valuable information that will be alleviateful to educational technologist in their design of appropriate instructional materials for schools.1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYNigeria is a potentially a great Nation. But for the Nation to to the full attain the enviable position of greatness, her citizens must be dedicated honest, ultranationalistic and hardworking. This is why the federal Government of Nigeria is at present embarking on the propose of re-branding the country with the theme, great Nation, good people. Educators direct rightly identified accessible studies as one subordinate that can help to absorb up these imperial dreams of greatness a reality. Therefore, it cannot be overemphasized on the lease to effectively teach this subject through the use of i nstructional materials. Here has the importance of this study.It will be expected that result of this study whitethorn be useful in the succeeding(a) ways a. Enabling accessible studies teacher to substantiate more than ever before the importance of the use of instructional materials p rush of ground inform especially accessible studies. b. Providing more useful information for companionable studies teacher as regards the conglomerate instructional materials they can employ in training. c. Providing more useful information for prospective designs of instructional materials on the need to provide suitable instructional materials for use in schools.1.4. STATEMENT OF THE hassleIt is the consensus among scholars in Nigerian that cordial studies is one subject that is crucial to the identification of the Nigeria dream of greatness. This is the reasons why affectionate studies in one of the cone subjects at the uncreated school and junior school levels. However, it seems the article of faith and learning of the subject is hampered by the riddle of omit of in adequate use of instructional materials. Therefore, the problem of this interrogation is to look at the problems surrounding the use of instructional materials in the teaching of neighborly studies in primary schools. Specifically, this study has seek to provide answers to the following research call into questions.1.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. Do primary school teachers use instructional materials while teaching amicable studies? 2. Are primary school companionable studies teachers aw ar of the benefits of utilise instructional materials in teaching? 3. Does the use of instructional materials in teaching cast any electric shock on pupils mathematical operation in primary school well-disposed studies? 4. Could the non use of instructional materials in the teaching of social studies in primary schools be as a result of their being curt? 5. What contribution does the use of instructional materials have on the teaching and learning of social studies?1.6. background knowledge OF THE STUDYThe scope of this research has been particular(a) to some selected primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki topical anesthetic Government Area of Lagos State. The go through is to examine the impact of instructional materials in teaching of social studies in selected primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki topical anesthetic Government Areas. And also to know how learning can be affected in primary schools pupils. The limitation is due to financial and time constraint.1.7. comment OF TERMS1. SOCIAL STUDIES Social Studies can be defined as a study that equips learners with tools such(prenominal) as post, values and skills necessary in solving in-person and society related problems. Social Studies is also a study of a man and his environment. It is also the study of many a(prenominal) interactions with his physical and social environment. It is a study of how man lives in the society, what he does, how his bearing is affected by things, people as well as social practices around him. 2. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS These atomic number 18 the resources employ to facilitate teaching and learning.3. instruct This can be defined as the conscious and deliberate efforts by a matured or experienced person to impact knowledge, information, skill, attitude and beliefs to an immature or less experienced person. Is also a opinionated way of impacting knowledge on to the people. 4. ENVIRONMENT These are what we interact at heart our surround likes highlands, lakes, rivers and vegetations e.t.c. 5. LEARNING Advanced knowledge gained by careful study. Is also a permanent changes in behavior due to past experiences. 6. FACILITATING use up learning easy without any tighty7. ABSTRACT These are what we cannot see in our surroundings 8. IMPACT The important or the value one devices from doing something 9. STIMULATING The art of reasoning quickly and thought and feeling CHAPTER two2.1. LITERATURE REVIEWThe art of teaching and learning involves the interaction of both the human and materials resources in a classroom setting. Since human beings are social animals and they cannot live in isolation, they have to socialize and interact among themselves and with environment. This brings us to the question What is Social Studies? Social Studies can be defined as study that equips learners with tools such as attitudes, values, skills necessary in solving personal and community related problems. Information and knowledge gathered from reading books, journals, research whole kit and boodle may reveal the area which have not been adequately researched into to us. Furthermore, reviews of lit sometimes provoke the urge to carry out a research based on what we read in the books or journal. Teaching and learning materials can be defined as any device rig of equipment, graphic representation, sound reproduction or illustration that helps the pupils to learn. Generally, instruct ional materials are used to fortify and to enrich the mastery of the subject matter.The roles of instructional materials have been of great importance to teaching in primary schools. According to Awosolu et al (1997), quoting Alani et al (1995) he said that since nigh pupils in primary schools are still very young, their intellectual abilities may not allow abbreviation presentation in facts without having to complement the content with concrete materials. It is in this regard that instructional materials are perceived as aids to learning rather than aid to teaching. Lawton and Dufour and Dahunsi (1979) classify social studies instructional materials in the following 1. PICTORIAL MATERIALS These include globes, maps, posters, flip and well charts diagrams. 2. PRINTED MATERIALS These include textbooks, reference books, supplemental books, work books, journals, newspapers and magazines. 3. BOARDS LIKE Chalkboard, Flannel or felt boards4. MECHANICAL acquired immune deficiency syndr ome These are audio-visual equipment and materials. Having known the sundry(a) instructional materials, they serve as informationcarriers which are designed particularally to fulfill objectives in a teaching learning situation. In fact, learning resources in social studies are multi various and limitless. Social studies by its nature and content deals with the realities of men living in his complex environment. Hence, anything has to do with mans behavior and interaction as a social behavior qualifies as an instructional materials in social studies.It is therefore possible to employ as many instructional materials as possible when teaching any topic in social studies because they help to stimulate pupils interest and reduce the numbers of verbal responses. A pickle has been written on the impact of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies. Agun (1988) asserts that many curriculum innovations like inquiry or problem solving method of instruction or learni ng how to learn may not be meaningfully and effectively implemented without the use of a wide configuration of learning resource. Generally, instructional materials are used to reinforce and enrich the mastery of the subject matter.As a matter of fact, Durojaiye (1978) state that there is a large number of failure due to the fact that teacher are not doing their work as conscientiously as they should. The critics feel that schools no longer offer true learning and creative thinking to their pupils. Supporting the vies of these critics. Popham (1971) feels that social studies teachers and curriculum designers in the schools do not consume any significant impact on pupils due to the want of the use of instructional materials. According to Adusual (1982), instructional materials size could affect teachers effectiveness because, the smaller the shape the greater the degree of contact, and more effective the teaching and learning interaction. Assuming that there were adequate number of teaching aids it can be give to each of the pupils, therefore, the teaching of social studies without make use of instructional materials is not helping his pupils to learn.2.2. THE IMPORTANCE OF victimisation INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALSIt is pertinent for teachers to rick aware of the benefits that accrue from the utilization of instructional materials in order to intensity their efforts at achieving effective result in their teaching activities. Weaver and Bollinger (1949) identified the following advantages 1. They attract and hold use A verbal explanation become more effective in attracting and creating interest when supplemented by a visual aid.2. Instructional materials help storage of information and visual images. The major part of the things people heard are forgotten in a relatively short time and it becomes difficult to recall accurately what is heard. On the other hand, the things they see make a more lasting impression and they experience considerably less bother i n calling the object or process with increased accuracy. 3. They help informing correct images People often interpret information in term of their own background of experiences. Consequently, it is possible and quite probable for a group of learners to form entirely different ideas about the comparable things as a result of verbal description.The use of instructional materials helps to eliminate this inconsistency. 4. They uphold in understanding proper relationships of components parts. 5. More of the benefits, teachers can reap when instructional materials are used in the teaching process According to Ogunmilade (1984) the power it provides in the share of expertise, helping knowledge to reach a lot of people. Simultaneously preservation of records and documents. Bringing before us what otherwise could have looked imaginary or far-fetched enriching learning and allowing students to learn at their own rate. Furthermore, using of instructional materials makes teaching more effecti ve and facilitates also to master the topic taught to the learner. Finally, using of instructional materials make learning easier and pleasurable at the same time concretize the learning process in the learners.2.3. PROBLEMS FACING THE part OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN SCHOOLS In spite of the numerous benefits accruing from the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning situation its application in our schools has been disapprove because of the following process 1. insufficiency of Direction This is characterized by lip service, paid to use to educational engine room in high quarter. Apart from the measly budgetary provisions often made by governances for instructional materials, when it comes to implementation, the bills are hardly released. 2. Resistance to change on the part of the teachers.3. pretermit of readiness of teaching staff to use audio-visual techniques and charge their methods and tools deep down the classroom. 4. Lack of insfrastructures and f acilities that might make the use of instructional aid more meaningful such as lecture halls, audio-visual, libraries, studios, independent study spaces, audio-visual resource nerve e.t.c. 5. Inadequate personnel or specialist to train users of instructional materials in schools. 6. Fear of failure in their use7. Fear that new technology would replace teachers.8. Inadequate instructional materials Since the inception of social studies programme, teachers have consistently complained about the problems of quality and quantity of instructional materials. The problem is traceable to wish of good textbooks, cost of textbooks, commercialization of materials, non-functional libraries and resources centres, gap between publication and diffusion of instructional materials, lack of quality control of textual materials and so on. In around cases, teachers rely on outdated and stereotyped textbooks which hardly reflect the inevitably of pupils.9. Lack of Fund This is one of the big probl ems confronting teachers in general, and social studies teacher in particular. The problem here is lack of motivation and eternal agitation by teachers for improved condition of service. Thus, primary school teachers including social studies teachers have lost interest in teaching even though they are still called teachers. Those who have the slightest opportunity leave the classroom for greener pastures. The eternal replacement that follows such frequent resignations leads to lack of continuity in social studies classrooms. The pupils are usually the worse hit by this. Furthermore, funds are not available for the provision of instructional materials, thereby leaving teachers to every improvise or teach without any in majority of the cases. CHAPTER ternion3.0.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter is concerned with the techniques used by the researcher in the gathering of data for investigation. It covers explanation on the choice and description of instrument apply for the collectio n of data. Also included are the sampling techniques, method of brass of the questionnaire and the data analysis method.3.1.RESEARCH INSTRUMENTThe research instrument used for this study is the questionnaire. The choice of the questionnaire is because of its advantage of allowing respondents to answer questions without any outside influence such as facial appearance that may influence respondents as in the interview method. The questionnaire used is in two parts. The first part deals with the personal data of the respondents while the second part contains ten statements which attempt to father out the impact of the use of instructional materials have in teaching social studies.3.2.SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUEThe judge of this study consists of 60 primary school teachers. The sample was chosen from five primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki Local Government Area of Lagos State. The sampling technique used in selecting the sample for the study was the systematic random sampling. The samp ling technique removes bias in the selection of the elements, and it is convenient and more accurate than the random sampling.4.3. analysis OF FINDINGS1. to the highest degree social studies teachers aware of the need for instructional materials in teaching of social studies. 2. Most primary schools have unretentive instructional materials in the teaching of social studies 3. Majority of the social studies teacher do not make use of instructional materials during their lesson 4. Most of the social studies teachers agree that the chalkboard is one of the instructional materials which aid effective teaching of social studies. 5. Most of the teachers take their pupils on field trips majority of social studies teachers use community resources like red objects and resources persons because they promote learning in social studies. Most social studies teachers do not have overhead projectors, audio-visual equipment which can promote learning in social studies. 6. Al virtually all the te achers of social studies said that inadequate equipment is one of the problems which they face. 7. Most social studies teachers agree that effective use of instructional materials contribute positively to learning process.4.4. DISCUSSIONFrom the research study to the highest degree primary school teachers are aware of instructional materials for the teaching of social studies. This observation is consistent with the assertion of Nduanya (1986) that teachings are more effective when teachers come in and use appropriate resources. Furthermore, it is observed that most primary schools lack instructional materials be it concrete or abstract to teach social studies. This shows that most primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki Local Government either lack or have inadequate instructional materials for the teaching of social studies. From the research study, it can be observed that majority of social studies teachers do not make use of instructional materials during social studies lessons.This is as a result of inadequate instructional materials which is due to lack of fund to provide instructional materials. This mentionings agrees with Agun (1988) who asserts that many curriculum innovations like inquiring or problem solving method of instructional or learning how to learn may not be meaningful and effectively implemented without the use of a wide variety of learning research. In fact, it can be deduced from the research study that most social studies teachers make use of chalkboard as an instructional material which is most important aids to effective teaching. This implies that the chalkboard is one of the instructional materials that is the most available instructional materials in every school. There is no school which will have inadequate instructional materials and will not have a chalkboard.Indeed, the chalkboard as one of the instructional materials is usually used by the teachers. This findings on the use of chalkboard agrees with Ajimoko (1973) Dahunsi (1979), Akanbi (1982) and Osofisan (1982) they said aside from the chalkboard, the textbook was the next most frequently used of the instructional materials. Consequently, from the findings it can be observed that majority of social studies teacher take their pupils out on field trips. Pupils are taking out on excursus to relate their experience with the theory they have been taught in the classroom.When pupils are taking out on field trips they learn more about their surroundings as the nature of social studies and learning becomes more permanent in them. From the findings it shows that majority of social studies teachers makes use of resources centres. This indicates that pupils need to be taken out of the classroom to appreciate the fact that learning does not end within the premises of the classroom. When pupils go out, they need to be trained to observe event and learn without the teacher being around them. This finding agrees with Preston and Herman (1981). These resource centres b ecome social studies laboratory in which pupils becomes young social scientists. From the research study, it can be deducted that most social studies teachers do not make use of audio-visual materials because they dont have them. This finding agrees with Akibote (1983) on the very limited uses of electronic materials in school within Ondo Local Government Area.This is as a result of the teachers inabilities to manipulate any of the equipment since they do not have teacher training. Another related problem may be due to lack of electricity because majority of the schools do not have electricity. Another finding of the study deduced that in teaching of social studies, inadequate equipment is one of the problems faced by social studies teachers. This implies that some social studies lessons are done in abstract. So, effective learning cannot be facilitated. This prejudicious effect may be as a result of lack of funds to provide adequate instructional materials in schools and teachers are not ready to improve because of their salaries are very inadequate.The results also shown that most of the social studies teachers agrees that most of the social studies teachers agrees that the effective use of instructional materials combine positively to learning process. The effect is that when instructional materials are effectively used, they facilitate learning and stimulate pupils interest. They also make theirlessons more kindle and relief the pupils from the burden of tiredness while learning. CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of instructional materials in the teaching of social studies in primary schools. In this chapter, the summary of the major findings will be highlighted. The discussion will also include suggestions for policy making and areas where future research on the topic may be directed.5.1. SUMMARYOne of the major findings of this research is that most social studies teachers agreed on the importance of teaching the subject with instructional materials. Another outcome of this project is that there are inadequate instructional materials for teaching social studies in primary schools. So many instances, teaching is done without instructional materials. It was also revealed from the research that the chalkboard that is always available in schools is one of the instructional materials which aids the effective teaching of social studies. This study also reveals that although most primary schools do not have audio-visual aids, social studies teachers compensate for this by making use of real objects, resource persons and by taking their pupils on field trips. Finally, from this research, it was revealed that the use of instructional materials in teaching social studies contribute positively to the learning of the subject5.2. SUGGESTIONSAlthough this study has not claimed to be complete, some suggestions based on its findings could be made on how to improve the teaching of social studies in primary schools through the effective use of instructional materials. In the first place, because of the importance of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools, the various ministries of education and school boards in the country should ensure that adequate instructional materials are supplied to primary schools.Secondly, the government should ensure that there is regular supply of electricity and schools in the villages that lack electricity should be provided with generators. This will enable the schools to make use of audio-visual aids such as television, projector and VCD. Thirdly, regular workshops and seminars should be organized by the various school boards for primary school teachers on how to make simple instructional materials and on the use of the various instructional materials. Finally, inspectors of education should constantly haggle schools to ensure that the instruction al materials available are judiciously used by teachers for teaching.5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIESLike with most researches, this study cannot claim to have tucker out all that is to be said on the use of instructional materials in teaching social studies in primary schools. Instead, this survey should be regarded as a guide for further research.Therefore, as regards the future, this researcher suggests some specific projects. First of all, a further investigation should be carried out to find out how use of instructional materials or lack of this affects pupils academic performance in social studies. In addition, social studies teacher should consider the instructional materials when teaching social studies at the same time there is need for education technology practitioners to write texts more relevant to Nigeria situation and needs such texts should contain model and samples of instructional materials and the procedure for making them by individual teachers. Furtherm ore, there should be a study on the suitableness or otherwise of the available instructional materials that are being used in teaching social studies in primary schools.DEPARTMENT OF arts AND SOCIAL SCIENCESADENIRAN OGUNSANYA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, EPE CAMPUS, EPE.RESEARCH PROJECT 2013QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE IMPACT OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN IBEJU-LEKKI LOCAL authorities AREA OF LAGOS STATEREFERENCESAlani, R.A Oduyemi, O.G and Agagu A.A. (1995) Teaching Aids Reading in contentedness Methodology Ijebu-Ode, Olaf Association, Page 29-34. Awosolu, E.O. and Fasasi A.K.(1996) Teachers use of Instructional materials in particular Social Studies in Epe Metropolis The Beagle, Journal of primary election Education,, Vol. 1 and 2, page 71-77. Awosolu, E.O. and Fasasi A.K. (1996) Teachers use of Instructional Materials in Primary Social Studies in Epe Metropolis quoting Agun 1988, Nduanya 1986, Imogie 1988, Alani et al 1995, Dufour a nd Dahunsi 1979, Ajimoko 1973, Preston and Herman 1981, Akibote 1983, Akanbi 1982, and Osofisan 1982 in the Beagle, Journal of Primary Education, Vol 1 and 2, page 71 77. Olowoye, B. (1996) Principle and Method of Teachings. Ibadan, Afolabi Press particular(a) Page 107 120Osunkalu, A.S. (1973) Instructional Media quoting Adesina 1982, Durojaiye 1978Welberg 1970, Nwaogu 1980 and Pophas 1971 in a Journal of Teachers lease Vol. 2 page 21 26.View as multi-pages

Overhead allocation methods

In manufacturing tolls argon incurred, these damages represents the appeal of issue that will be apply in determining the determine that will be charged by the company to impart winnings or to breakeven. There be two forms of be beam and mediate represents. Before one attempts to charge be to equal perfume or salute social building blocks it is beta to get by why follow are incurred. Direct be are be that are traceable to a particular(a)ised occupation internality, service, harvestings or department. Raw materials will be carry follow as regards the finished product, and a meter clerks earnings are a direct approach for a particular department. mediate monetary value is one which arise during the course of operations of the stage business but it is precise difficult to attribute it specifically to a single building block. For example order paid to a local authority is an expense which benefits a get along of terms centres, and the time clerks w ages referred to preceding(prenominal) would be an example of an verificatory (wages) price of the units gived by his department. Overhead storage apportionment governing bodys Direct be normally present little difficulty in being allocated to damage units materials requisitions and workers time-sheets will give sufficient indication of where the be are to be changed.With indirect costs, however, solid items of costs may necessity to be divided between sundry(a) cost centers and accumulated cost centre costs will then be allotted to costs units. These costs will first be classified according to function, i. e. production, command administration, marketing, research and development between functions. Each particular cost centre will then be allotted with its own costs and a cost centre total obtained. While apportioning indirect inconsistent e realwherehead to various production units or cost centers, cost and oversight accountants have many method actings to use.O ne of the methods that is use is traditional methods and they give distorted costs where at times customers may be charged high prices overdue to over tryst of the productions costs. They include method of allocating costs use direct labor, direct machine hours ,volume produced and early(a) many new(prenominal) methods in just about instances they give wrong results which at times may at a lower placevalue or overvalue produced units which may cause the firm to deem less net or abnormal profits from whatsoever units. It may also if they over value the produced product cause customers to shy away from the company.Therefore, the method used in apportionment of bash used should be accurate in order to give the firm good profitability at the uniform time maintain the customers by charging them the right price. In order to pass the shortcoming of the traditional method of cost apportionment modern methods are used. One of the methods that assist in budget items allocation with minimal shortcomings is costs is exertion found be. action based be masters the shortcomings by focusing on individual activities as the fundamental cost objects in allocation of costs. An activity is defined as an event, task, or unit of work with a specified figure e.g. designing products, setting up machines, operating machines, and distributing products. This method uses costs of each activity and assigns this costs to costs units such as products or services as per the activities incurred while producing those units. activity based costing focuses on individual costs, refining the assignment of indirect costs to departments, processes, products, and other cost objects that are to certain brass instrument. To identify these activities, the company may work up a team from design, manufacturing, distribution, news report and administration or in various production units such as product A, B, C, D and so on.This method uses the following producers in identifying th e activities- 1. Direct cost tracing a shoot a line of Activity based costing system of ruless is aiming to indentify some costs or cost by subdividing existing cost pools. Costs in some hot pools may qualify as direct costs. Direct tracing of costs improves cost accuracy and is simpler because, unlike indirect costs, cost pool and allocation bases do non have to be identified. 2. Indirect cost pools- Activity based costing systems create smaller cost pools linked to the divers(prenominal) activities. 3.The apportionment bases-activity of each cost pool is used to measure not the direct labor as the traditional method for the apportionment of indirect command overhead. The level of activity therefore is an economic factor which affects the calculation of the unit costs of output produced. Since amend and overhead costs remain unremitting as output fluctuates, the greater the output, the lower will be the fixed overhead cost per unit. This problem does not affect the variab le overhead rate variable costs per unit remain constant at all levels of activity, assuming always that prices remain stable.For management decision qualification based on full unit costs, however, the level of activity is an important ingredient which must be interpreted into account when providing applicable entropy for such decisions. Based on an activity based costing allocation method of the overhead costs, each of the activity that goes into the product is computed its own overhead rate based on that activitys driver which is the activity charge/unit. Given this overhead rate, the total overhead cost allocated to the production of the original version other system i. e. other than the overhead allocated using the direct labor hours method.From the foregoing discussion activity based costing approach method identifies activities and Cost centers that allocations with which costs may conveniently be associated for the purpose of product costing. Basically, there are two type s of cost centers for which cost are accumulated production and service cost centers. Production cost centers are those actually involved in production, such as machining and tack departments. Service cost centers are those which exist to facilitate production, for example, maintenance, stores and canteen.The first lay out in the allotment of the factory overheads costs to production costs centers is o collect and classifies factory overhead costs to production and service cost centers. Then it is apportioned the costs of the services cost centers to the production cost centers. If I assume that a firm has three service cost centers and two production cost centers, the apportionment of the service cost center costs involves selecting appropriate methods for apportioning these costs to the production cost centers. The accounting system of resource allocation am familiar with is activity based coating.Activity based accounting system is an accounting system that is used in resource allocation to various activities in multinational manufacturing firms and is yet to pick out by small firms. The allocation of total general overhead by this system is allocated based on direct labor hours and machine hours in my organization. The activities of production for the company are allocated the total overhead using reckon overhead rates per hour of machine and labour. Then the figure obtained is work out per the number of hours each activity is using. The Labour and machine hours are taken as cost drivers for each activity.This method has assisted the company reduce customer complains of over charging in prices. Activity based costing system of accounting considers a number of activities that takes place in various production units. It is considered the scoop out method of allocating overhead within production unit. In my organization direct cost are those cost which are instantaneously and intimately costs that are attributable to production and indirect costs are those costs which arise during the existence of the business as whole. Indirect cost can not be attributed to any production unit it is just now distributed various production units based on activity based system.The rudimentary beliefs, conventions and objects of this method similar to other methods, but the application of those principle and the methods by which the objects are to be achieved must vary with circumstances. This does not mean, however, that the processes and procedures of a business must remain unaffected by the introduction of a system of cost accounts. This method of costing influences price because they affect supply. The lower the cost of producing a product relative to the price customers pays for it, the greater the quantity of a product the company is willing to supply.Managers who understand the cost of producing their companies products set prices that make the products attractive to customers while maximizing their companies operating incomes. In compu ting the relevant costs for a pricing decision the autobus must consider relevant costs in all value. This method is also used in assessing the performance of manager responsible for running production units independently. The best criteria according to my view are the one without the allocation of indirect costs. This is because of manager should be held responsible for the costs that is under their direct control.They are expel to make decisions that could increase or decrease the cost of operation of a unit. The efficiency and effectiveness of a manager should be judged from his ability to receive maximum revenue from operation and to keep the cost associated with this revenue at a minimum level. This will present a clearer picture to prise the performance of a manager of a unit. Although each unit produce certain criterion of indirect costs but these cannot be directly attributed to the unit from which it had originated.So the company devised a formula of allocating this co st to each unit based on units revenue producing capability. However as said earlier, there is no set criterion to allocate indirect cost to different units and it varies from business to business. This allocation of indirect costs is arbitrary and could create distortion in evaluating the performance of a manager. So in order to help manager accountable for results they are evaluated on the cornerstone of operation under their direct control. Activity based costing considers a number of activities that takes place to allocate different types of costs unlike other methods.Activity based costing method is considered the best way in overhead allocation and allotment within production units. It considers a variety of activities and it gives a more accurate answer as compared to other methods of allocation. Case moot It is the policy of Dealogic, LLC to give their managers a high level of independence to make decisions for which they are held accountable for the results. That means t hey are free to run their units as they like. They are responsible to generate maximum revenue from unit under their command and to restrict cost incurred during the year.There are two type of costs generated at each unit. 1) Direct costs ( Traceable consulting costs) 2) Indirect costs (Non-Traceable consulting costs) Direct costs in this case is that cost which can be directly and easily attributed to revenue generating operations of the business and indirect cost is one which arise during the course of operations of the business but it is very difficult to attribute it specifically to a single unit. So whole of the indirect costs from all the units are combined and then allocated a fair portion of this cost to each unit based on some criteria.In case of Dealogic, LLC, this criterion is based on revenue generation from each unit and indirect cost is then allocated to each unit depending upon the amount of revenue generated from each unit. This criterion varies from business to busi ness. But the purpose is to allocate this indirect cost based on a criteria that has some direct relationship with this indirect costs. Conclusion The choice of one particular overhead rate as against the others may substantially affect the amount of overhead costs apportioned to a unit of product.Consequently, variations in full- product costs may result simply from the manner in which the overhead rate is selected. The rate to use depends on the particular circumstances lining the firm. The direct labor cost, base is easy to use since the necessary culture is usually readily available. There may be no relationship, however between direct labor costs and overhead costs indeed, nearly factory overhead costs are incurred on a time basis and are not related to the labor payroll. However Activity based Accounting is the most appropriate has it allocates accurately than the other methods. ReferencesAtril, P. F. and McLaney, E. J. (2002). charge accounting for non-specialists, 3rd edn (financial times prentice Hall) pp. 102-108 Drury C (2000) Management and cost Accounting5th edition ,business press Thomson Learning78-85 Horngren, C. T. , Bhiman A. , foster G. , and Datar, S. M. (1999). Cost accountin A managerial Emphasis, (prentice Hall Europe) pp. 135-160 Larson D, Kermit, Wild, J. john & Chippetta Barbara(1996) fundamentals of accounting principle London Irwin. Wald J (2000) Biggss Cost accounting The English manner of speaking Book Society and MacDonald and Evans Ltd London & Plymouth pp 98-136

Freedom of Speech Essay

In the unify States we hurl many freedoms that we as citizens possess. license of livery is one of the freedoms we enjoy. But what is the meaning of the word freedom, and how free is our row? The word free, according to Merriam-Websters dictionary subject matter having the legal and political strengthfuls of a citizen. With this in mind, it does non mean that we sacrifice the right to do and say as we please.The primary Amendment states Congress shall shew no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of words, or of the press or the right of the population peaceably to assemble, and to petition the disposal for a redress of grievances (The Constitution of The United States). The Citizens of the United States misinterpret the phase Freedom of Speech to suit their declare needs and wants.In this essay we will discuss how our interpretation of our freedom is only a myth brought on by our selfish shi pway and thoughts and interpreted according to what we feel it means in the situations that fit best. The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Supreme Courts to only protect citizens in true diligences and situations and, not protect some companies and corporations nor does it offer to protect citizens of the United States from oration against the government.Governmental agencies have twisted the first amendment to fit what the individuals of that particular agencies likes or dislikes, and their view of plastered speakers. When the first amendment was written it was meant strictly for congress not to be able to make any laws to hinder our so called Freedom of Speech. The first amendment has absolutely no bearing on hush-hush of public laws that have gone into effect that limits what force out or cant be said. In the article Can the FCC Shut Howard morose Up by Jeff Jarvis, he states that the FCC enforces rules that un level(p)ly depending on who says a certain phrase.T he FCC condemned Howard Stern for his explanation of sexual colloquialisms, but did not punish early(a)s references to heavy(a) head and finger-banging your boyfriend (Jarvis). The FCC has had its way with instituting security review on the radio and video recording by threatening stations with gigantic fines for not complying with their agenda of what is allowed to be talked about or seen. At one point in time, FCC death chair Powell urged spread outers under threat of gigantic finesto adopt a voluntary tag of Good Practices and stated It would be in your best interest to do so. Voluntary doesnt mean voluntary, more like volun-told (Jarvis).The censorship doesnt apply only to the media either. naturalises have jumped in on the band-wagon with trying to censor out what they feel is inappropriate for everyone else. In April 2004 at Poway juicy School in California a directchild wore a island of Jersey expressing his views about homosexuality after the Day of Silence orga nized by a Gay- straight Alliance club. The day of whitewash was designed to encourage tolerance.When the student was asked to remove his shirt or turn it inner out, he refused and was agonistic to spend the day in a conference room in the schools foregoing office (Taylor, Kelly 2013). How does the school justify that his anti-homosexual shirt was any diametric than being forced to endure a full day of silence that was ok with the school? The student later sued the school (Harper v. Poway Unified School District). The courts upheld that the school officials are permitted to censor what students are allowed to wear and not allowed to wear. other student in Ohio banned a shirt that the school officials put together questionable.The shirt in question was a Marilyn Manson rock band tee shirt that depicted a three faced Jesus on the front and the word believe on the back with the letter l-i-e highlighted. The student believed his right to free speech had been violated when the s chool officials told him to change the shirt, turn it inside out or leave the school and be considered a absent (Schools Win Rights To Ban). The student lost his case against the school, even though the shirt did absolutely nothing to disrupt classes or learning. All it did was cause officials to chasse their power to take away free speech and censor the kids. plot some schools are busy trying to ban clothing and other things that it considers inappropriate or offensive, some schools are just plain illegalize everything whether harmful of not if they feel it is controversial. In an article by Denise Penn coroneted Gay/Straight Clun Banned in Orange County, CA H. S. , she describes a group of teenagers who tried to start a club dropped off an application in the school office. The principal wanted to approve the Gay/Straight Alliance club, went to the superintendent for guidance and it was taken out of her hands. The school board maneuverd in several delays and finally held a pu blic assembly about the club.The students endured antigay rhetoric at the forum (Penn). The students faced a table that took an extremist position. The school officials done away with a program that provided advocate for at-risk students in elementary, middle and high schools, who were having adjustment problems in school. The counseling was provided by interns and cost the school district nothing at all and helped kids. It too took some of the strain off the teachers so they could concentrate on inform and not on the troubled youths. The council ended the program because it burdened the school to administer the program.The censorship of speech is even taking pass on of the political arena. The McCain-Feingold Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act criminalizes political speech in connection with political and even state elections (Roane). The law makes it a felony for a corporation, labor union, or non-profit advocacy group to criticize or even mention a member of congress in broadcas t ads within 60 days prior to a federal election. It is now a federal crime for state and local candidates, officeholders and political parties to engage or participate in political speech that attacks or even supports candidates for federal office (Roane).If it is illegal to voice anyones opinion, then the government has taken away a big chunk of our freedom of speech to support or object to any candidate. It basically makes it illegal for anyone to focalise an ad on the radio or television to support them in any federal election. The law also dictates what money can be used for certain applications and also lessens the chance for newer candidates to be heard, unless they already have a name for themselves in the public arena.It basically guarantees already elected officials a better chance for re-election in future elections (Roane). The government is settlement down on our freedom of speech slowly by instituting their power to censor our speech. Whether it is through the school s, limiting what any students can say or wear, or through banning clubs that school official think could be objectionable, or through the media outlets governed by another governmental agency. Our freedom of speech is being taken away from us a little at a time without us even knowing it.