Factors of Career Choice

carg unmatchabler pickax Contents 1. insane asylum 1. 1Role 1. 2Objective and infixed Cons neatents 1. 3Key Theories of avocational selection 1. 3. 1Developmental Theory 1. 3. 2Structural Theory 1. 3. 3RIASEC Model 2. Factors of occupational Choice 2. 1Family and Class 2. 2Neighbourhood and Peer root 2. 3School and Education 2. 4Race 2. 5 call down 2. 5. 1Horizontal and Vertical sequestration 2. 5. 2Pay 2. 5. 3Hours Worked 2. 5. 4Orientations to Work 3. Solution of Constraints and Obstacles to barteral Choices 4. Conclusion 5. References 1.Introduction The occupational woof debate is concerned with the degree of choice individuals birth over their eventual(prenominal) occupation. (Module Handbook) The process of occupational choice is psychologically based and examines the way in which the individual develops and passes through a series of st clippings during which the self-concept grows as abilities, aptitudes and interests develop. (Watson T. J. 2008) This assignment i s attempting the factors that whitethorn go on or refer muckles occupational choices and how we fucking overcome them. . 1Role Role plays an important part in human-being, it provide bring a persons doings and ratiocination making. Role whitethorn be achieved or ascribed. The concept of an achieved and ascribed role is important in occupation choice. (Module Handbook) Stark (2007) states that An achieved role is a position that a person assumes voluntarily which reflects personal skills, abilities, and effort. An ascribed role is a position assigned to individuals or groups without project for merit but because of certain traits beyond their control. (wikipedia) An achieved role can be diversifyd and gained through putting efforts by a person, e. g. educational qualifications. On the other hands, an ascribed role is unchangeable. This role is assigned to you by your p bents or family, e. g. flower, gender, rich or poor, status, etc. The role of a person can influence virtuosos occupational choice. In general, masses who have advantages in their ascribed role, it perceive to have advantages in their c beer path or development as well. Some throng can act as model, and some cannot, because of the height of a person.Fortunately, spates achieved role can gift this ruler prescript. If people can put efforts and reach to nobleer educational train, they can in addition earn the opportunity on their race development and acidify as middle or top train management in a company. People cannot change fundamental elements but can change their path through their effort. Thus, peoples achieved and ascribed role can garble the decision when they are making decision on occupational choice. 1. 2Objective and Subjective ConstraintsIf we wish to product a model or theory which identifies the unhomogeneous factors that influence the individuals occupational choice, we must consider both objective and subjective constraints. The individual has certain tangible resources such(prenominal) as cash, skills, k straightawayledge or physique, which are objective constraints. The individual has certain nonphysical minds of motives, interests and expectations, such as to achieve power or gain channel satisfaction, which all are subjective constraints. These are psychological factors of personal achievement. 1. 3Key Theories of occupational Choice . 3. 1Developmental Theory Eli Ginzberg (1951) defines an individual never reaches the ultimate decision at single fleck in time but through a series of decisions over time. (module handbook) It is the Developmental Theory of occupational choice. E. Ginzberg looks at occupational choice as a cumulative process of decision making, victorious place in triplet stages closely linked to those of emotional and quick-witted development. day-dream choice is followed by a period tentative choice, accordingly finally there is a period of satisfyingistic choice. (White S. 968) Peoples occupation al choice do not occur merely at the moment on the decision making, but is an extended process which may begin as early as ten or cardinal and continue well beyond the choice of a first lineage. (White S. 1968) Fantasy choice is occurring at the age between 6-11 when the children have no ideas roughly the real- liveness situation, all things are fantastic and delivered to them by their parents. When the children grow at the age of 11-17, the experience of the real world increases, they aware of themselves and the outside environment, and they makes tentative choice on the basis of their own interests. . 3. 2Structural Theory The structural theory is that the doorway points of the occupational structure are impacting on ambition of people. According to Keil et al, they acknowledge family background and value, neighbourhood and peer group, discipline and education, gender and race. 1. 3. 3RIASEC Model Holland (1973/1985) positive a psychological approach to identify peoples occupational preferences and table services fit a persons choices and organizational characteristics. (module handbook) It is referred to as RIASEC.RIASEC indicates Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional. By the research of Taiwans high instruct students, we tack together that the R type is a very typical male-oriented type of career and girls, on the other hand, were much interested in the A-type fields and tended to choose aesthetic fields as their careers. (Tien H. L. , Wang Y. F. and Liu L. C. 2009) 2. Factors and Obstacles affecting Occupational Choice People do not enter the occupational structure with equal opportunities.There are some(prenominal) factors and obstacles that can influence the choice-making on occupation of people, we are now focus on the factors in structural theory, including family and class, neighbourhood and peer group, school and education, race and gender. 2. 1Family and Class When the children at the age of 6-17, w hich is in the stage of romance choice and tentative choice, they depend on their parents mostly. Thus, the patents expectations for educational achievement, beliefs and behaviors provide affect the childrens hereafter development.The Parent Socialization Model developed by Eccles and colleague (1982) has suck uped the important role parents play in the development of childrens achievement choices. The belief of parents will then influence parenting behaviors and expectations, which, in turn, will affect child outcomes such as educational and career choices. (Jacobs, J. E. , Chhin C. S. and Bleeker M. M. 2006) Moreover, as the family background of a person on his or her ascribed role cannot be changed, family net cream and status also play important role on occupational choice. The structure of a family an individual faced when he or she was growing up may affect the individuals kindly skills and lead to human capital investments and parental education appears to have an subs tantiating issuing on childrens occupational status through childrens education. (Tsukahara, I. 2007) Grieco (1987) shows how this can be helpful both to the employee, who gains support from family members both inside and outside proceeding and is sustained in steady employment, and for employers, whose recruitment be are kept low and who can look to employees relatives to help train them and teach them to fit in. (Watson T. J. 2008) evening not every people will choose the same career as their parents, most people appear to have a high probability to make uni course of action choices. Rather, parents education also appears to have an indirect effect on childrens occupational choices through the childrens education. For example, if the parents perceived a positive effect on the professional occupations, the children will then also have a positive effect on the professional occupations in future. 2. 2Neighbourhood and Peer Group People can enjoy social experience through the li nk of neighbourhood and peer group, such as friends and teachers.As these peer groups eternally recognize in peoples earlier stage, such as school life, they have long- edge consequences for ones belief and value. Teachers, parents, peers, and others may influence youths achievement and interests long before educational and occupational decisions are made. (Jacabs, J. E. 2006) These peer groups can provide people social support and rise however, the groups may also provide somehow of negative impact if wrongfulness perception and information are provided. 2. 3School and Education Formal schooling operates on board the general cultural and family socialization process. (Watson T. J. 2008) Willis (1977) states education as a form of preparation for the way those particular individuals will need to live with their implemental roles once they enter gainful employment. (Watson T. J. 2008) The jobs which people choose were influenced by the level of educational qualifications they achieved. The more professional of the jobs, the more skills and abilities are needed, and the more rewards (both fiscal and non-monetary) can earn.On the contrast, there are more limitations on occupational choice for people who have lower educational level. 2. 4Race Race or Ethnic Discrimination is also undoubtedly playing a major(ip) role in occupational attainment. The research project conducted by Cardoso P. and Marques J. F. (2008) rough The Perception of locomote Barriers Inventory found that African and Afro Portuguese students soft touch significantly higher than Euro-Portuguese students on Ethnic Discrimination.The Ethnic Discrimination results highlight how, at the early stages of development and at crucial career decision moments, when these beliefs are structured, a negative influence on vocational behaviour development can occur. (Cardoso P. and Marques J. F. 2008) Melamed (1995) concluded that discrimination accounted for between 55% and 62% of the variance in t he differential career success of men and women in a British sample. (Brown D. 2002) Although the wide-spread prevalence of race discrimination in most countries, the limitations and difficulties in career choices and development of these minority groups are still high. . 5Gender Gender will be a major factor in the career choices. Due to the role conflicts between men and women, a study found that women in Israel, Germany, the United States, and Japan assigned lower importance to the centrality of be given in their lives than did men.. this is the result of womens orientation to other life roles, primarily because of womens concern regarding participation in the family role. (Brown D. 2002) By the follow propound of Third Quarter frugal Report 2010 in the atom of Labour Force Participation Rates by Sex (www. enstatd. gov. hk), the entropy shows the participation rates of male employees is 68. 9% and female employees is 52. 2% in the third quarter of 2010. The number of wom en who engaged in poke mash is still lower than men. We are now analyzing the gender by three sections horizontal and vertical requisition, pay, and hours worked. 2. 5. 1Horizontal and Vertical Segregation Horizontal segregation is the term used to describe the tendency to discover men and women in different types of occupation. (Module Handbook) For example, by the survey of annual percentage of male and female managers by job function, female managers are mainly in the functions of power & training and conference & banqueting, whilst management posts in the areas of property & aegis, food & beverage, and control & finance are mostly held by men in 1999 in Hong Kong. (Ng C. W. and Pine R. 2003) By the survey report of Women and manpower in Hong Kong Key Statistics in the section of Employed Persons by Industry and Sex (www. censtatd. gov. k), the female employed persons were mainly engaged in the public administration, social and personal inspection and repairs sector (35. 9 %), sequence info of the male employed persons was different, with the financing, insurance, real estate, professional and business service sector being the largest sector (18. 2%) in 2009. Vertical segregation is the term used to describe the situation where, the higher one progresses in an organizational or professional hierarchy, the fewer the number of females one encounters. (Module Handbook) Morrison et al. 1987) coined a term of glass ceiling to describe the difficulties women face in ascent to the top of the corporate ladder. (Ng C. W. and Pine R. 2003) Although the percentage of women who studied law and checkup and health subjects is over 60%, the opportunities to promote is still obstruct by the glass ceiling, such as traditional value and family responsibility. (Ming Pao newsprint) For example, by the survey of annual percentage of male and female managers by job level, only 7. 2% of senior General Manager positions were held by women in 1999 in Hong Kong. Ng C. W . and Pine R. 2003) According to the record of Hong Kong lean Companies, there is only 9% of women in the top management level who mostly were entered by the role of family members. (Ming Pao Newspaper) By the survey report of Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics in the section of Employed Persons by Occupation and Sex (www. censtatd. gov. hk), the figures show there are 96,500 women and 229,800 men in the Managers and Administrators role, turn there are 398,800 women and 149,600 men in the Clerks role. R 2. 5. 2Pay Full-time running(a) women earn 82. % of mens hourly pay. (Module Handbook) According to Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics in the section of Median Monthly role profits of Employed Persons by Age Group and Sex, the median periodical earnings of female employed persons in Hong Kong was HK$8,500 in 2009 while that for males was HK$12,000. (www. censtatd. gov. hk) By the survey of , over 70% of people indicated that Hong Kong is still have sex discrimin ation in career environment which mens paid are more than women even they are on the same positions. . 5. 3Hours Worked Even the labour market participation of women has increased dramatically in many countries, the hours worked of women are still lower than men due to the different orientations to work. hakim (1996, 2000) states that whereas in general men prefer to work, women show a confused set of work-life orientations some women prefer to work, others pauperization to stay at kinsfolk and almost half of them prefer to combine work and family life. (Doorewaard H, Hendrickx J and Verschuren P. 004) The data indicated that although many women are entered or re-entered into the labour market, they are still want to have work-life balance, especially for those women who are married and have children, it is also the breastwork of women in the career path both actually or in peoples traditional perceptions. 2. 5. 4Orientations to Work Orientations to work to different people ar e varying. People seem to be motivated to work by a mixture of options, e. g. earning money, developing their careers, gaining status, etc.According to Crompton and Harris (1998), it is not only influenced by someones own choice and motivation, but also by the constraints of the situations in which one lives and works. (Doorewaard H, Hendrickx J and Verschuren P. 2004) It can simply chance on into three types of work orientations job orientation, money orientation and people orientation. Watson (1994) express life circumstances and the specific circumstances prevailing in the work situation influence what they are looking for and what they expect to get. (Martin E. 2004) Hence, orientations to work are also barriers to occupational choice if the job itself cannot fit in ones orientation. 3. Solution of Constraints and Obstacles to Occupational Choices It is no doubt that the work pattern and norm is constantly changing around the world, however, this change can help to overcome some of the constraints of occupational choices. The past few decades have been pronounced by a significant growth in womens labour force participation in most countries. Although women play a stronger sparing role than in the previous decades, men are usually the basal breadwinners in families. Women, who function as secondary earners, tend to have irregular and other nonstandard employment. (Kan M. Y. 2007) Those nonstandard employments, such as part-time job, temporary jobs, psychological pressure, will be more common in the future work. The nature of formal contracts has altered, with more short-term contracts.. sub-contracting and out-sourcing arrangements have become more common and are part of a set of strategic HRM options. (Westwood R. , hedge sparrow P. and Leung A. 2001) Furthermore, the increasing of feminine management personal manner in both government activity and private companies where a more flexible and feminine approach to management, such as flexible wo rk family arrangements, Family Friendly Working Practices in Hong Kong. This style helps women who want to balance between work and family life. Additionally, the work pattern of 10 years in employment and 10 years out which is a flexibility approach for people who want to have a break for few years and return to work, e. . female returners who seek to re-enter the workforce after a few years of unpaid care-taking responsibilities. At the time of making occupational choice, people are still young and want of knowledge and experience. People make choices based on imperfect knowledge and uneven distribution of knowledge and at a young age. (Module Handbook) To prevent in making wrong decision and lack of confidence from the students, school and teachers can arrange some experienced people to share their real experience and give more support to them.Luzzo (2000) proposes to help students think almost the role that perceived barriers play in the career planning and exploration proce ss, and to identify effective resources and strategies for coping with such barriers. (Cardoso P. and Marques J. F. 2008) 4. Conclusion Every people have different choices on career and different orientations to work. And, there are some subjective and objective variables affecting the process of choosing the career. People have to identify them clearly in hope to find the most suited job for them which is fitting with their interests, intentions and abilities. owever, those obstacles can be overcome through the changing work pattern and work management. In fact, many of these trends of future work are already with us today. We are all in the moment of changing atmosphere. 5. References Brown D. (2002). The role of work and cultural values in occupational choice, satisfaction, and success A theoretical statement, Journal of hash out and Development, Vol. 80, Issue 1, PP. 48-56 Cardoso P. and Marques J. F. (2008). 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